Problematic and objectively measured smartphone use in relation with personality (Big Five) and impulsivity

Antud töö eesmärgiks oli uurida inimeste objektiivselt mõõdetud ja problemaatilise nutitelefonikasutuse (PNK) seoseid isiksuseomaduste (Suure Viisiku) ja impulsiivsusega. Suure Viisiku omadusi (neurootilisus, ekstravertsus, avatus kogemusele, sotsiaalsus ja meelekindlus) mõõdeti XS-5 küsimustikuga ning impulsiivsust AMIS skaalaga, mis mõõdab eraldi nii adaptiivset (kiire otsustamise stiil, elamustejanu) kui maladaptiivset (mõtlematus, pidurdamatus) impulsiivsust. Problemaatilist nutitelefonikasutust mõõdeti E-SAPS18 testiga. Nutitelefonikasutust mõõdeti objektiivselt App Usage rakendusega, mis mõõdab inimese ööpäevast nutitelefoni kasutusaega ja -kordi (mitu korda telefoni ööpäevas lahti tehakse ja vaadatakse). Valimisse kuulus 114 inimest. Rakendus oli telefoni seadistatud 3 nädalat. Selgus, et PNK skaalal kõrgema skoori saanud uuritavate keskmine nutitelefoni kasutusaeg ning - sagedus olid suuremad, nad said kõrgemaid skoore ka neurootilisuse, ekstravertsuse, mõtlematuse ning pidurdamatuse skaalal. PNK skooriga oli negatiivselt seotud sotsiaalsuse skaala tulemus. Inimese nutitelefoni ööpäevasel keskmisel kasutusajal oli statistiliselt oluline positiivne seos PNK skooriga, keskmiste kasutuskordade, mõtlematuse ja pidurdamatusega. Inimese nutitelefoni ööpäevasel keskmistel kasutuskordadel oli statistiliselt oluline positiivne korrelatsioon PNK-ga, keskmise kasutusaja, ekstravertsuse, mõtlematuse ja pidurdamatusega

Stable and Clumped Isotope Characterization of Authigenic Carbonates in Methane Cold Seep Environments

Cold seep environments are characterized by methane-rich fluid migration and discharge at the seafloor. These environments are also intimately linked to microbial communities, which oxidize methane anaerobically, increase alkalinity and promote authigenic carbonate precipitation. We have analyzed a suite of methane-derived authigenic carbonate (MDAC) crusts from the North and Barents Sea using stable and clumped isotopes (δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O, δ⁴⁴Ca, and Δ₄₇) to characterize the sources of fluids as well as the environment of carbonate authigenesis. We additionally assess the potential of MDACs as a Δ₄₇-based paleotemperature archive. The MDACs occur as three main textural-mineralogic types: micritic Mg-calcite cements, micritic aragonite cements and cavity filling aragonite cements. We find that micritic Mg-calcite cements have low δ¹³C_(VPDB) values (−30 to −47‰), high δ⁴⁴Ca_(SW) values (−0.4 to −0.8‰), and Δ₄₇-temperatures (0–6 °C) consistent with shallow sub-seafloor precipitation in isotopic equilibrium. Micritic aragonite cements and cavity filling aragonite cements both have a wider range in δ¹³C_(VPDB) values (−18 to −58‰), lower δ⁴⁴Ca_(SW) values (−0.8 to −1.6‰) and a larger range in Δ₄₇-based apparent temperatures (–2 – 25 °C) with samples displaying equilibrium and disequilibrium clumped isotope values. The range in apparent temperatures as well as δ⁴⁴Ca_(SW) values seen in the aragonite MDACs suggest two kinetic processes: a kinetic isotope effect (KIE) due to the incomplete equilibration of carbon and oxygen isotopes among DIC species from the different sources of DIC (i.e., seawater, methane-sourced DIC and DIC residual to CO₂ degassing or diffusion) and a KIE due to a fast, irreversible precipitation affecting the cations, particularly Ca, bound to carbonate mineral. Our results improve the understanding of kinetic effects on clumped isotope temperatures in MDACs and demonstrate how the multi-isotopic approach combined with textural-mineralogic criteria can be used to identify MDACs for accurate paleotemperature reconstructions

Carbonate deposition in the Palaeoproterozoic Onega basin from Fennoscandia : a spotlight on the transition from the Lomagundi-Jatuli to Shunga events

Date of Acceptance: 08/05/2015 Date of online publication: 16/05/2015 Acknowledgements Elemental and isotopic data, thin and polished sections used in this contribution were obtained through two large umbrella-projects with grants provided by the Norwegian Research Council grant 191530/V30 to VAM and NERC grant NE/G00398X/1 to AEF. We thank A. Črne, the editor A. Strasser as well as one anonymous reviewer and D. Papineau for providing their valuable criticism and suggestions.Peer reviewedPostprin

Timescales of methane seepage on the Norwegian margin following collapse of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet

Gas hydrates stored on continental shelves are susceptible to dissociation triggered by environmental changes. Knowledge of the timescales of gas hydrate dissociation and subsequent methane release are critical in understanding the impact of marine gas hydrates on the ocean–atmosphere system. Here we report a methane efflux chronology from five sites, at depths of 220–400 m, in the southwest Barents and Norwegian seas where grounded ice sheets led to thickening of the gas hydrate stability zone during the last glaciation. The onset of methane release was coincident with deglaciation-induced pressure release and thinning of the hydrate stability zone. Methane efflux continued for 7–10 kyr, tracking hydrate stability changes controlled by relative sea-level rise, bottom water warming and fluid pathway evolution in response to changing stress fields. The protracted nature of seafloor methane emissions probably attenuated the impact of hydrate dissociation on the climate system

Toxic metal enrichment and boating intensity: sediment records of antifoulant copper in shallow lakes of eastern England

Tributyltin (TBT), an aqueous biocide derived from antifouling paint pollution, is known to have impacted coastal marine ecosystems, and has been reported in the sediment of the Norfolk and Suffolk Broads, a network of rivers and shallow lakes in eastern England. In the marine environment, the 1987 TBT ban has resulted in expanded use of alternative biocides, raising the question of whether these products too have impacted the Broads ecosystem and freshwaters in general. Here we examine the lake sediment record in the Norfolk and Suffolk Broads for contamination by copper (Cu) (as an active biocide agent) and zinc (Zn) (as a component of booster biocides), to assess their occurrence and potential for causing environmental harm in freshwater ecosystems. We find that, after the introduction of leisure boating, there is a statistically significant difference in Cu enrichment between heavily and lightly boated sites, while no such difference exists prior to this time. At the heavily boated sites the onset of Cu enrichment coincides with a period of rapid increase in leisure boating. Such enrichment is maintained to the present day, with some evidence of continued increase. We conclude that Cu-based antifouling has measurably contaminated lakes exposed to boating, at concentrations high enough to cause ecological harm. Similar findings can be expected at other boated freshwater ecosystems elsewhere in the world

Geografifagets rolle for undervisning av bærekraftig utvikling på videregående skole

Bærekraftig utvikling har med god grunn blitt et sentralt tema i den nye læreplanen, Kunnskapsløftet 2020 (LK20). Dette er et tema som vil gi elevene relevant kompetanse for å møte både dagens og fremtidens utfordringer. Formålet med denne masteroppgaven har vært å undersøke rollen som geografifaget har for undervisningen av bærekraftig utvikling på videregående skole. Intensjonen min har vært å finne ut om fagets rolle har blitt endret som følge av introduksjonen av den nye læreplanen, med hensyn til bærekraftig utvikling som ett av tre tverrfaglige temaer i LK20. Oppgaven drøfter temaer som er relevante i læreplanen for geografi, og relevant teori angående undervisning av bærekraftig utvikling. Dette blir undersøkt med tilknytning til undervisningspraksiser fra videregående skoler. Oppgaven er basert på litteratur som belyser geografifagets rolle innen undervisning av bærekraftig utvikling. Dette inkluderer teori presentert av, blant annet, Holt-Jensen (2007, s. 19-20), som betegner geografi som et syntesefag, altså at det sammenkobler aspekter fra andre fag, og Eidsvik (2020), som argumenterer for fagets sentrale rolle innen utviklingen av essensielle kompetanser for bærekraftig utvikling. Disse diskuteres også med tilknytning til teori angående undervisning av bærekraftig utvikling uten fagspesifikk sammenheng, og undervisning om tverrfaglig undervisning. Dette gir et grunnlag for å argumentere for at geografi har i utgangspunktet et stort grunnlag for undervisning av bærekraftig utvikling, som diskuteres gjennom oppgaven. Dataene har blitt generert gjennom kvalitative intervju, hvor fem geografilærere stilte som informanter, og delte sine tanker og erfaringer om temaet. Gjennom analyse av dataene, i lys av relevant teori, har både muligheter og utfordringer for faget blitt tydelige. Geografifagets potensial er belyst av sammenhengen i at bærekraftig utvikling er et tema som på noen vis er tilknyttet de fleste aspekter av faget. I følge Holt-Jensen (2007, s. 19.20), knytter geografi sammen naturvitenskap og samfunnsvitenskap, og har derfor en unik posisjon til å dekke alle tre dimensjoner innen bærekraftig utvikling. Utfordringene til å ta full nytte av disse mulighetene ligger i tidsaspektet, både for geografifaget i seg selv og på et tverrfaglig nivå.Sustainable development has for good reason become a central topic in the new curriculum, Kunnskapsløftet 2020 (LK20). It is a topic that will provide the pupils with relevant competence for facing both contemporary and future challenges. The purpose of this master thesis has been to examine the role that geography as a discipline has for the education of sustainable development in the upper secondary school. My intention has been to find out whether or not the role of the discipline has been altered after the introduction of the new curriculum, with regards to sustainable development being one of three interdisciplinary issues in LK20. The thesis discusses topics that are relevant in the course guidelines of geography, and relevant theories regarding the teaching of sustainable development. This is examined in the light of teaching practices from upper secondary schools. The thesis is based on literature highlighting the role that geography as a discipline has for the education of sustainable development. This includes theories presented by, among others, Holt-Jensen (2007, p. 19-20), who argues for geography as a discipline that ties together aspects from other disciplines, and Eidsvik (2020), who argues for the disciplines’ central role for the development of essential competences for sustainable development. These are also discussed in conjunction with theories regarding education for sustainable development without subject-specific context, and theories on interdisciplinary teaching. This provides a basis for arguing that geography by default has strong foundations for education for sustainable development, which is discussed throughout the thesis. The data has been generated through qualitative interviews, in which five geography teachers participated as informants, and shared their thoughts and experiences regarding the topic. Through analysis of the data, in the light of relevant theories, both opportunities and challenges for geography have become evident. The potential of geography is highlighted by the correlation that sustainable development is a topic that is in some way connected to most aspects of the discipline. Geography connects social studies and natural sciences, according to Holt-Jensen (2007, p. 19-20), and is therefore in a unique position to cover all three dimensions of sustainable development. The challenges for the exploitation of these opportunities are based on issues regarding time, both for geography itself and on an interdisciplinary level

Belief in alternative theories in relation with subjective well-being, political views and socioeconomic status

Antud töö eesmärgiks oli kaardistada alternatiivsetesse teooriatesse uskumise üldist levimust Eestis ning uurida selle võimalikke indiviiditasandi psühholoogilisi ja sotsiaalseid korrelaate. Vandenõu- ja pseudoteaduslikesse teooriatesse uskumist mõõdeti Alternatiivsetesse Teooriatesse Uskumise Skaalaga (ATUS). Subjektiivset heaolu (eluga rahulolu ja emotsionaalset kogemust) mõõdeti Eluga Rahulolu Skaalaga ning Positiivse ja Negatiivse Afektiivsuse Skaalaga (PANAS; negatiivne ja positiivne afektiivsus eraldi). Isiksuseseadumusi (neurootilisus, ekstravertsus, avatus kogemusele, sotsiaalsus, meelekindlus) mõõdeti Kümneväitelise Isiksuseküsimustikuga. Poliitilisi vaateid mõõdeti vasak-parem skaala ja 12 väitega, mis kirjeldasid erinevaid poliitilisi seisukohti. Sotsiaalmajanduslike ja demograafiliste näitajate puhul võeti arvesse inimese haridustaset, sissetulekut ja vanust. Valimisse kuulus 326 inimest (48.2% naised, keskmine vanus 32.2 aastat, SD = 11.3). Töö tulemustest selgus, et alternatiivsetesse teooriatesse uskumine on seotud madalama sotsiaalmajandusliku staatuse (haridustase, sissetulek), madalama subjektiivse heaoluga, kõrgema vanusega ning parempoolsete vaadetega. Käesolev töö annab kinnitust teooriale, et eksisteerib uskumuslik mõtteviis, mille järgi nii vandenõuteooriatesse uskumine kui ka pseudoteaduslikesse teooriatesse (sh üleloomulikesse jõududesse) uskumine on sarnased nähtused, mis on omavahel seotud

Redox fluctuations, trace metal enrichment and phosphogenesis in the ~2.0 Ga Zaonega Formation

The ~2.0 Ga Zaonega Formation (ZF) holds one of the oldest phosphorites in the geologic record, reaching >15% P2O5. Understanding the depositional conditions that enabled sedimentary phosphorus enrichment in this unit will thus help us to interpret the significance of the temporal distribution of phosphorites in Earth’s early history. Here we use an array of major and trace element data to constrain the redox conditions in the water column and extent of basinal restriction during deposition of the ZF. We also present new selenium (Se) abundance and isotopic data to provide firmer constraints on fluctuations across high redox potentials, which might be critical for phosphogenesis. We find that Se isotope ratios shift over a range of ~3‰ in the ZF, with the earliest stratigraphically-resolved negative Se isotope excursion in the geologic record, implying at least temporarily suboxic waters in the basin. Furthermore, we find that redox-sensitive element (RSE) enrichments coincide with episodes of P enrichment, thereby implicating a common set of environmental controls on these processes. Together, our dataset implies deposition under a predominantly anoxic water column with periodic fluctuations to more oxidizing conditions because of connections to a large oxic reservoir containing Se oxyanions (and other RSE’s, as well as sulfate) in the open ocean. This is broadly consistent with the depositional setting of many modern and recent phosphorites, thereby tying these ancient deposits to a common depositional mechanism. In light of these data, we propose that the broader prevalence of phosphogenesis in the Paleoproterozoic Era was driven by growth of the seawater oxidant reservoir (namely sulfate), thus enabling diagenetic apatite precipitation in basins with high rates of export production, particularly by facilitating the activity of sulfide-oxidizing bacteria. This suggests that the muted authigenic P burial observed in marginal, marine siliciclastic sedimentary rocks during other intervals of the Precambrian was not merely a result of low dissolved P levels in the global deep ocean, but also was influenced by sulfate scarcity and strongly reducing bottom-water conditions