Precipitação artificial após aplicação do inseticida clorantraniliprole associado com adjuvante em plantas de soja

The insecticide use on insect pest control is an important tool to keep high yields on soybeans. However, little is known about the behavior of the insecticide in adverse conditions, such as spraying followed by precipitation. The use of adjuvants associated with insecticides is another factor that can be related to improvement of its efficiency. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the influence of four precipitation periods after the pulverization of the insecticide clorantraniliprole (2g of the active ingredient ha(-1)). A mixed of different adjuvants on the control of caterpillars on soybeans were evaluated. The assay was performed using two cultivars in six pots (2 plants/ pots) for a factor scheme of 5x5. The factor adjuvants consisted of one untreated (without adjuvants) and four adjuvants (Assist (R) - 0,5%, Naturo'il (R) - 0,5%, Nitro LL (R) - L ha(-1) and Silwet L-77 (R) - 0,1%). The factor artificial precipitation ( 20mm) consisted of one untreated (without precipitation) and four precipitation intervals (1, 120, 240 and 360 minutes) after the application of clorantraniliprole with adjuvants. The results showed that the precipitation of 20mm, 1 minute after the clorantraniliprole pulverization, reduces the Anticarsia gemmatalis mortality, and that the precipitation 240 min after the pulverization does not interfere in the mortality of A. gemmatalis on soybeans. The adjuvants Assist (R) and Naturo'il (R) associated to the insecticide clorantraniliprole increases the A. gemmatalis mortality on soybeans

Effects of exotic pastures on tadpole assemblages in Pantanal floodplains: assessing changes in species composition

Land use change has been identified as a major driver of amphibian decline around the world. Yet we generally lack an understanding of how conversion to exotic pastures affects freshwater communities. This study examined tadpole assemblages in areas converted to exotic pastures and native wooded grasslands in northern Pantanal wetland, Midwestern Brazil. We tested the differences in site occupancy probability and assemblage composition during a flood season. We registered thirteen tadpole species, but only five were detected at levels suitable for occupancy modelling. For most species, tadpole occupancy was higher at the beginning of the flood season. Only <i>Scinax fuscomarginatus </i>occupancy was related with vegetation cover. Occupancy probability for three species (<i>Dendropsophus nanus</i>, <i>Physalaemus centralis</i>, and <i>Physalaemus cuvieri</i>) was associated positively with species richness of fish. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that exotic pastures hosted a different tadpole assemblage than native areas. The assemblage composition gradient was associated with species richness of fish, vegetation cover and volume of herbaceous vegetation and leaf litter. These differences likely relate to specific traits of individual anuran species (dietary plasticity, reproductive mode, and habitat preference). The study showed that some generalist species were able to cope with replacement of native vegetation by exotic species. However, management practices have maintained many areas in the Pantanal at a stage of a near-pristine wetland ecosystem and replacement of native vegetation by exotic pastures should be done with caution

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora