311 research outputs found

    La question de la justice : Paul Ricoeur lecteur de John Rawls

    Full text link
    C’est au tournant des annĂ©es 1990 que Paul RicƓur s’est intĂ©ressĂ© Ă  ThĂ©orie de la justice de John Rawls. Tout en Ă©tant fondamentalement en accord avec la valeur morale, dĂ©ontologique et politique des principes de justice de Rawls, RicƓur s’oppose Ă  l’approche « purement procĂ©durale » de la justice pour les institutions telle qu’elle se dĂ©veloppe Ă  l’aide de l’interprĂ©tation rawlsienne de la thĂ©orie du contrat social. Si l’approche dĂ©ontologique de la justice comme Ă©quitĂ© priorise une conception formelle de la justice pour les institutions, elle ne peut toutefois pas, selon RicƓur, s’affranchir des fondements tĂ©lĂ©ologiques qui justifient la formulation et le choix rationnel des principes rawlsiens. En reprenant l’argumentaire de ThĂ©orie de la justice, RicƓur relĂšve la dĂ©pendance de la procĂ©dure formelle de Rawls Ă  une sĂ©rie de prĂ©supposĂ©s Ă©thiques fondamentaux qui justifient tĂ©lĂ©ologiquement la rationalitĂ© des principes. Ces prĂ©suppositions ne mettent pas en ruine la position de Rawls, au contraire, ils relĂšvent d’une circularitĂ© « naturelle » propre Ă  la problĂ©matique de la distribution des biens sociaux (justice distributive), indispensable Ă  l’élaboration d’une conception politique de la justice et Ă  l’intelligence dĂ©mocratique du contrat social. Contre la dĂ©monstration empirique de la procĂ©dure formelle de la « position originelle » sous le « voile d’ignorance » Ă  partir de laquelle devrait rĂ©sulter le choix rationnel et unanime des principes de justice, RicƓur propose de rĂ©tablir la primautĂ© du sens de la justice pour le sujet de droit/contractant. Sans rĂ©futer la prioritĂ© dĂ©ontologique des principes de justice pour les institutions, RicƓur veut rĂ©tablir la valeur Ă©thique de la justice pour les individus Ă  partir d’une hermĂ©neutique du soi et d’une anthropologie philosophique qui posent le besoin de l’institution au sein mĂȘme de la constitution du sujet Ă  « vivre une vie bonne, avec et pour autrui, dans des institutions justes ».At the turn of the 1990s, Paul RicƓur became interested in John Rawls' Theory of Justice. While fundamentally agreeing with the moral, deontological, and political value of Rawls' principles of justice, RicƓur opposes the "purely procedural" approach to justice for institutions as developed through Rawls' interpretation of social contract theory. If the deontological approach to justice as equity prioritizes a formal conception of justice for institutions, it cannot, however, according to RicƓur, break free from the teleological foundations that justify the formulation and rational choice of Rawlsian principles. Returning to the argument of Theory of Justice, RicƓur identifies the dependence of Rawls' formal procedure based on a series of fundamental ethical presuppositions that teleologically justify the rationality of the principles. These presuppositions do not undermine Rawls' position; on the contrary, they are part of a "natural" circularity specific to the issue of the distribution of social goods (distributive justice), a process which is indispensable in the elaboration of a political conception of justice and in the democratic understanding of the social contract. Against the empirical demonstration of the formal procedure of the "original position" under the "veil of ignorance" from which the rational and unanimous choice of the principles of justice should result, RicƓur proposes to re-establish the primacy of the sense of justice for those subjected to law/contractors. Without refuting the deontological priority of principles of justice for institutions, RicƓur aspires to restore the ethical value of justice for individuals from a hermeneutic of the self and a philosophical anthropology that posits the need for the institution within the very constitution of the subject to "live a good life, with and for others, in just institutions”

    Le partenariat orthophoniste – psychologue dans la prise en charge d’un dĂ©ficit d’expression

    Get PDF
    Parfois la prise en charge orthophonique rencontre une limite qui est l’aspect psychologique de la problĂ©matique. Le travail en collaboration avec un psychologue peut s’avĂ©rer nĂ©cessaire mais rencontre un certain nombre de contraintes qui rendent impossible cette participation. Cet article prĂ©sente un outil qui encourage l’expression d’une problĂ©matique psychologique et Ă©ventuellement des rĂ©ajustements internes Ă  la personne sans intervention extĂ©rieure. Pour ce faire, l’Epreuve des Trois Arbres utilise la mĂ©diation de l’arbre, favorise le discours subjectif en Ă©cartant tout jugement. L’arbre a Ă©tĂ© choisi en raison des nombreuses analogies que l’esprit Ă©tablit spontanĂ©ment entre un ĂȘtre humain et un arbre. Suite Ă  un accompagnement orthophonique, l’étude de cas prĂ©sentĂ©e retrace une pratique qui comprend une phase test avec l’Epreuve des Trois Arbres, un accompagnement personnalisĂ© basĂ© sur la production de saynĂštes centrĂ©es sur le thĂšme de l’arbre et une phase retest. L’approche phĂ©nomĂ©nologique qui vise l’expression d’un discours subjectif, a permis une Ă©volution considĂ©rable du cas prĂ©sentĂ© en rĂ©installant des voies de sens depuis le point de vue du sujet. L’Epreuve des Trois Arbres constitue un outil pour dĂ©passer des limitations disciplinaires au service de la personne

    La structuration des pratiques sociales : essais de sociologie marxiste

    Get PDF
    Il s'agit d'un recueil posthume de textes de Claude Leneveu composĂ© Ă  partir de son projet initial d'ouvrage en trois volumes que nous avons donc resserrĂ© Ă  un seul volume comme nous nous en expliquons dans la prĂ©faceS’il nous fallait dĂ©finir un axe ou, mieux, une rĂ©currence, dans le travail indissociablement thĂ©orique et pratique – nous y insistons– de C. Leneveu, nous retiendrions l’expression « du dualisme Ă  la dualitĂ© » qu’il emploie pour analyser la thĂ©orie du sociologue britannique A. Giddens. Celle-ci exprime en effet de façon prĂ©cise son programme Ă©pistĂ©mologique,celui d’une perspective marxiste-critique qui se ressaisit des apports des sociologies anglaises et amĂ©ricaines – en particulier d’auteurs tels que Giddens, Goffman, Garfinkel ou de courants comme l’ethnomĂ©thodologie ou encore l’interactionnisme symbolique – ou bien encore des apports decertains courants et auteurs de la sociologie française (Bourdieu notamment). Il entend ainsi dĂ©gager des principes et conceptscentraux pour fonder le dĂ©passement de dualismes mĂ©thodologiques, aussi prĂ©gnants que stĂ©riles dans leur usage dualiste parexemple : matĂ©riel/idĂ©el, objectif/subjectif, collectif/individuel, macro/micro, qualitatif/quantitatif, et de façon encore plus centrale,structure/pratique

    Adiponectin promotes syncytialisation of BeWo cell line and primary trophoblast cells

    Get PDF
    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In human pregnancy, a correct placentation depends on trophoblast proliferation, differentiation, migration and invasion. These processes are highly regulated by placental hormones, growth factors and cytokines. Recently, we have shown that adiponectin, an adipokine, has anti-proliferative effects on trophoblastic cells. Here, we complete this study by demonstrating that adiponectin modulates BeWo and human villous cytotrophoblast cell differentiation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We showed that hCG secretion was up-regulated by adiponectin treatment in both BeWo cells and human cytotrophoblasts from very early placentas (5-6 weeks). The expression of two trophoblast differentiation markers, leptin and syncytin 2, was also up-regulated by adiponectin in BeWo cells. Moreover, adiponectin treatment induced a loss of E-cadherin staining in these cells. In parallel, we demonstrated that AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 are up-regulated during forskolin induced BeWo cell differentiation, reinforcing the role of adiponectin in trophoblast syncytialization. SiRNA mediated down-regulation of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 was used to demonstrate that adiponectin effects on differentiation were essentially mediated by these receptors. Finally, using a specific inhibitor, we demonstrated that the PKA signalling pathway could be one pathway involved in adiponectin effects on trophoblast differentiation.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Adiponectin enhances the differentiation process of trophoblast cells and could thus be involved in functional syncytiotrophoblast formation.</p

    Expression of the translocator protein (TSPO) from Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf0-1 requires the stress regulatory sigma factors AlgU and RpoH

    Get PDF
    International audienceThe translocator protein (TSPO), previously designated as peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor, is an evolutionary conserved protein that is found in many Eukarya, Archae and Bacteria, in which it plays several important functions including membrane biogenesis, signaling and stress response. A tspo homologue gene has been identified in several members of the Pseudomonas genus, among which the soil bacterium P. fluorescens Pf0-1. In this bacterium, the tspo gene is located in the vicinity of a putative hybrid histidine kinase-encoding gene. Since tspo has been involved in water stress related response in plants, we explored the effects of hyperosmolarity and temperature on P. fluorescens Pf0-1 tspo expression using a strategy based on lux-reporter fusions. (B) Co-transcription of Pfl01_2810 and tspo by RT-PCR assay. RT-PCR was assayed on tspo (1), Pfl01_2810 (2) and on the putative operonic structure Pfl01_2810-tspo (3), using primers located into tspo (1) or Pfl01_2810 (2) ORFs, or into both tspo and Pfl01_2810 ORFs (3). RT-PCR achieved on total RNA did not lead to a PCR fragment (line 4, negative control). L: Ladder 1kb+ (Biorad Âź), (C) Growth curves in microtitre wells in LB medium at 28 C and relative luminescence (RL) activity of pTSPO and pHK-TSPO in P. fluorescens Pf0-1. The tspo gene (Pfl01_2811) of P. fluorescens Pf0-1 forms an operonic structure with Pfl01_2810 and is expressed transiently during the bacterial growth. (A) Schematic representation of the genomic environment of tspo and of transcriptional fusions pTSPO and pHK-TSPO. Grey bars represent the beginning of the luxCDABE reporter cassette of the promoterless pAB133 vector. The position of the studied promoter region is indicated relatively to the translational initiation start of each ORF. Pfl01_ 2809 lux CDABE pHK-TSPO-253 bp lux CDABE pTSPO-227 bp P. fluorescens Pf0-1 chromosome lux transcriptional fusions Pfl01_2810 tsp

    Approche multiphysique pour la simulation du bruit rayonné par un transformateur : prise en compte des effets magnétostrictifs

    Get PDF
    Ce papier prĂ©sente une approche multiphysique pour estimer le bruit rayonnĂ© par un transformateur en rĂ©ponse aux excitations Ă©lectromagnĂ©tiques. La mĂ©thode compte 3 Ă©tapes : il s'agit tout d'abord de calculer l'induction dans le circuit magnĂ©tique. Les effets magnĂ©tostrictifs sont alors pris en compte grĂące Ă  une analogie thermique et les rĂ©ponses dynamiques de la structure peuvent ĂȘtre calculĂ©es. Le rayonnement acoustique est ensuite estimĂ© par Ă©lĂ©ments finis acoustiques ou par une mĂ©thode analytique. Une dĂ©marche expĂ©rimentale, analyses modales et rĂ©ponses en fonctionnement, permet de valider la mĂ©thode de simulation

    Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study of Interaction between Model Rough Hydrophobic Surfaces

    Get PDF
    We study some aspects of hydrophobic interaction between molecular rough and flexible model surfaces. The model we use in this work is based on a model we used previously (Eun, C.; Berkowitz, M. L. J. Phys. Chem. B 2009, 113, 13222-13228), when we studied the interaction between model patches of lipid membranes. Our original model consisted of two graphene plates with attached polar headgroups; the plates were immersed in a water bath. The interaction between such plates can be considered as an example of a hydrophilic interaction. In the present work we modify our previous model by removing the charge from the zwitterionic headgroups. As a result of this procedure, the plate character changes; it becomes hydrophobic. By separating the total interaction (or potential of mean force, PMF) between plates into the direct and the water-mediated interactions we observe that the latter changes from repulsive to attractive, clearly emphasizing the important role of water as a medium. We also investigate the effect of roughness and flexibility of the headgroups on the interaction between plates and observe that roughness enhances the character of the hydrophobic interaction. The presence of a dewetting transition in a confined space between charge-removed plates confirms that the interaction between plates is strongly hydrophobic. In addition, we notice that there is a shallow local minimum in the PMF in case of charge-removed plates. We find that this minimum is associated with the configurational changes that flexible headgroups undergo, as the two plates are brought together.Comment: 27 pages, 9 figure

    Clostridium botulinum type C, D, C/D, and D/C: An update

    Get PDF
    Clostridium botulinum is the main causative agent of botulism, a neurological disease encountered in humans as well as animals. Nine types of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) have been described so far. Amongst these “toxinotypes,” the A, the B and E are the most frequently encountered in humans while the C, D, C/D and D/C are mostly affecting domestic and wild birds as well as cattle. In France for instance, many cases and outbreaks are reported in these animal species every year. However, underestimation is very likely at least for avifauna species where the detection of dead animals can be challenging. Knowledge about BoNTs C, D, C/D, and D/C and the diseases they cause in animals and humans is still scarce and unclear. Specifically, the potential role of animal botulism outbreaks in cattle and poultry as a source of human illness needs to be further assessed. In this narrative review, we present the current knowledge about toxinotypes C, D, C/D, and D/C in cattle and poultry with, amongst various other aspects, their epidemiological cycles. We also discuss the zoonotic potential of these toxinotypes and some possible ways of risk mitigation. An adapted and effective management of botulism outbreaks in livestock also requires a better understanding of these less common and known toxinotypes
    • 

    corecore