DAS IMAGINÄRE ALS TEIL DES FREMDSPRACHENUNTERRICHTS

Inner images (visual mental representations) undoubtedly constitute an intrinsic part of our personal world. They are independent of external visual stimuli and they are stored in the brain. Associative relations – as part of the speaker's individual lexicon in his semantic memory – are evoked in one’s memory as ready-made units. Instead of a purely cognitive transfer of materials, they serve – together with visual mental representations – as a support for sensory-reflexive and imaginative-creative processing of themes. The recall of these units in the memory can be supported by works of art. It is the figurative-iconic process of storage in the memory – which takes place in the educational process in parallel with the linguistic-conceptual one – that significantly contributes to a deeper and more permanent consolidation of the learning materials. The integration of works of art into foreign language education thus not only supports the development of language competence, but also the aestheticization of the learner. The article presents new didactic procedures in teaching German as a foreign language through works of fine ar

Early childhood caries trends and surveillance shortcomings in the Czech Republic

Despite the decline in childhood caries prevalence, seen particularly in 1980s, in recent years there have been reports that the declining trend has stopped or even reversed in some countries. The aim of the study was to analyse data from previous epidemiological studies on early childhood caries in the Czech Republic, conduct a secondary analysis of trend in dental caries prevalence, and discuss issues related to national oral health surveillance

Exploring the effects of topoisomerase II inhibitor XK469 on anthracycline cardiotoxicity and DNA damage

Anthracyclines, such as doxorubicin (adriamycin), daunorubicin, or epirubicin, rank among the most effective agents in classical anticancer chemotherapy. However, cardiotoxicity remains the main limitation of their clinical use. Topoisomerase IIβ has recently been identified as a plausible target of anthracyclines in cardiomyocytes. We examined the putative topoisomerase IIβ selective agent XK469 as a potential cardioprotective and designed several new analogues. In our experiments, XK469 inhibited both topoisomerase isoforms (α and β) and did not induce topoisomerase II covalent complexes in isolated cardiomyocytes and HL-60, but induced proteasomal degradation of topoisomerase II in these cell types. The cardioprotective potential of XK469 was studied on rat neonatal cardiomyocytes, where dexrazoxane (ICRF-187), the only clinically approved cardioprotective, was effective. Initially, XK469 prevented daunorubicin-induced toxicity and p53 phosphorylation in cardiomyocytes. However, it only partially prevented the phosphorylation of H2AX and did not affect DNA damage measured by Comet Assay. It also did not compromise the daunorubicin antiproliferative effect in HL-60 leukemic cells. When administered to rabbits to evaluate its cardioprotective potential in vivo, XK469 failed to prevent the daunorubicin induced cardiac toxicity in either acute or chronic settings. In the following in vitro analysis, we found that prolonged and continuous exposure of rat neonatal cardiomyocytes to XK469 led to significant toxicity. In conclusion, this study provides important evidence on the effects of XK469 and its combination with daunorubicin in clinically relevant doses in cardiomyocytes. Despite its promising characteristics, long-term treatments and in vivo experiments have not confirmed its cardioprotective potential

Relationship between parental locus of control and caries experience in preschool children – cross-sectional survey

Background: Due to high prevalence and serious impacts, childhood caries represents a public health issue. Behavioural risk factors such as locus of health control have been implicated in the development of the disease; however their association with childhood caries has not been thoroughly studied. The aim of this cross-sectional survey was to assess the relationship between parental locus of health control and caries experience and untreated caries of their preschool children in a representative sample in Czech Republic, adjusting for relevant sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: A representative sample of 285 preschool children and their parents was recruited. Study data included children's dental status recorded in nurseries and parental questionnaires with 13 attitudinal items regarding locus of control (LoC) in caries prevention. The association between parental locus of control and children's caries experience and level of untreated caries was analysed using logistic regression, adjusting for the effect of key sociodemographic variables. Results: There was a statistically highly significant linear trend between increased parental LoC and higher probability of the children to be free from untreated caries, independent from the effect of sociodemographic variables of children and parents. A similar highly statistically significant trend, although not entirely linear, and independent from sociodemographic variables was observed with respect to the chance of the children to be free from caries experience with increasing strength of parental LoC. After full adjustment, children in the strongest parental LoC quintile were 2.81 (1.23–6.42, p< 0.05) times more likely to be free from untreated caries in comparison to the weakest parental LoC quintile and 2.32 (1.02–5.25, p< 0.05) times more likely to be free from caries experience in comparison to the weakest parental LoC quintile. Conclusion: The findings support the hypothesis that higher internal parental LoC is associated with better control of both untreated caries and caries experience in their preschool children and highlight that a more internal LoC within the family is advantageous in the prevention of dental caries

Protective psychosocial factors and dental caries in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Psychosocial protective factors include dispositional and family attributes that may reduce the occurrence of dental caries. AIM: This review analysed the evidence on the relationship between protective psychosocial factors and dental caries in children and adolescents. DESIGN: Primary studies involving children and adolescents were searched in the following electronic databases: Medline, SCOPUS, LILACS, SciELO, and Web of Science. The reference lists were also screened. Protective psychosocial factor descriptors were in accordance with the salutogenic theory. The outcome was clinical measure of dental caries. Quality assessments were performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. RESULTS: The final search resulted in 35 studies, including 7 cohort, one case-control, and 27 cross-sectional studies. Most studies were of moderate quality. Meta-analyses revealed that low parental internal locus of control (cohort studies: OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.20-1.64; cross-sectional studies: OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.19-1.41), high parental external chance (OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.10-1.29), and high maternal sense of coherence (OR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.62-0.93) were associated with dental caries in children. High social support (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.68-0.93) and greater self-efficacy (OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.12-1.22) were also associated with dental caries in adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: The current evidence suggests that some salutogenic factors are important protective factors of dental caries during childhood and adolescence

Oral health of preschool children and its relationship to demographic-social family background and parental attitudes and behaviour regarding caries prevention in children

1 SUMMARY The thesis is based on three cross-sectional studies. The first study analyzed long-term trends in caries experience of Czech 5yr olds. The data originated from 6 studies on caries experience of 5yr olds performed over the years 1994-2009. During this period, a significant increasing trend in dmft=0 was observed in Czech 5yr olds, the trends of mean dmft per child and mean d per child were not significant. The aim of the second study was to characterize family attitudinal and behavioural factors related to dental decay prevention. It was a questionnaire survey in parents of preschool children. The data was analyzed by factor analysis enabling to find latent associations among large number of variables with similar variability and group them into a smaller set of newly formed factors. The results showed that the parents have sufficient knowledge on the main risk factors for dental caries, however, in the caries prevention they mainly rely on dentists, they consider it normal to give sweets to children daily and they underestimate the seriousness of premature loss of primary tooth. The third study used logistic regression to analyze the relationship of parental locus of health control (LoC) and the risk of dental caries in primary dentition of their preschool children. It was observed that children..

The importance of magnesium in human nutrition

V teoretické části bakalářské práce se pojednává o důležitosti prvku (hořčíku), je zde popsána obecná charakteristika, fyziologické a biochemické funkce. Následně se práce věnuje metabolismu hořčíku v lidském organismu. Jsou zde uvedeny zdroje, zvýšená potřeba a doporučené denní dávky hořčíku. Dále se zaměřuje na projevy nedostatku a nadbytku hořčíku. Základem praktické části byl dotazník. V jeho první polovině byly zjišťovány příznaky způsobené nedostatkem hořčíku a činnost vyžadující zvýšený příjem. V druhé polovině dotazníku bylo zjišťováno, zda respondenti konzumují potraviny s vyšším obsahem hořčíku nebo pijí minerální vodu Magnesia.The theoretical part of the thesis discussed the importance of the element (magnesium, and also described general characteristics, its physiological and biochemical functions. Subsequently, the work deals with magnesium metabolism in the human body. The main food sources, increased need and recommended daily allowance of magnesium were mentioned. It also focused on deficiency and excess intake of magnesium. The basis of the practical part was questionnaire . In the first half symptoms caused by magnesium deficiency were found out. In the second half of the questionnaire, it was investigated whether the respondents consume foods with a high content of magnesium and drinking mineral water Magnesia.Fakulta chemicko-technologick

Isotachophoretic determination of triethanolamine

Tato práce se zabývá izotachoforetickým stanovením triethanolaminu v kosmetických přípravcích. Analýza byla provedena kapilární izotachoforézou v kationtovém módu. Byly hledány optimální reakční podmínky pro separaci triethanolaminu. Optimální separace byla dosažena v elektrolytovém systému s vedoucím elektrolytem o pH 4,6 tvořeným 0,01 M octanem sodným a kyselinou octovou k úpravě pH. Jako koncový elektrolyt byla použita 0,01 M kyselina octová. Optimalizovaný postup stanovení triethanolaminu byl aplikován při analýze reálných vzorků, které byly zakoupeny v obchodní síti.This thesis is dealing with isotachophoretic determination of triethanolamine in cosmetic products. The analysis was performed by capillary isotachophoresis in cationic mode. Optimal reaction conditions for separation of triethanolamine have been found. Optimal separation was done in electrolyte system with leading electrolyte of pH 4.6, which was consisted of 0.01 M sodium acetate and acetic acid for adjusting of pH value. The 0.01 M acetic acid was used as a terminating electrolyte. The optimized procedure of triethanolamine determination was applied to the analysis of real samples, which was bought in shop network.Fakulta chemicko-technologickáStudent, v průběhu obhajoby seznámil členy komise s cíly, úkoly a výsledky své práce

Transplantace limbálních kmenových buněk a jejich využití k rekonstrukci povrchu oka

Cíle: Deficit limbálních kmenových buněk (LSC) patří mezi nejzávažnější onemoc- nění povrchu oka. Cílem dizertační práce bylo studium obnovy poškozeného povrchu oka. Proto byla zavedena limbální transplantace v experimentálním myším modelu. Byla provedena izolace LSC, přenos LSC a mesenchymálních kmenových buněk (MSC) izolovaných z kostní dřeně na nanovláknových nosičích na povrch poškozeného oka u myší a u králíků. Materiály a metody: U myší BALB/c byla provedena syngenní, alogenní a xenogenní limbální transplantace. Po transplantaci byla sledována doba přežívání štěpů, imunitní reakce a účinky monoklonálních protilátek (mAb) (anti-CD4 a anti-CD8). Myší LSC byly rozděleny pomocí centrifugace na Percollovém gra- dientu a následně byla provedena analýza povrchových znaků LSC pomocí PCR a průtokové cytometrie. Na myším a králíčím modelu byly přenášeny LSC a MSC pomocí nanovláknových nosičů na poškozený povrch oka. Byl sledován in vitro růst buněk na nosičích, pooperační zánětlivá reakce a přežívání buněk na povrchu oka po přenosu nosičů. Výsledky: K odhojení alogenních limbálních štěpů došlo promptně a v průběhu rejekce převažovala Th1 imunitní odpověď (IL-2, IFN-γ)...Aims: Limbal stem cell (LSC) deficiency is one of the most challenging ocular surface diseases. The aim of this thesis was to study damaged ocular surface reconstruction. Therefore, a mouse model of limbal transplantation was estab- lished. Furthermore, LSC isolation, transfer of LSCs and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on nanofiber scaffolds were studied. Material and methods: Syngeneic, allogeneic and xenogeneic (rat) limbal grafts were transplanted orthotopically into BALB/c mice. Graft survival, immune re- sponse and the effect of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) (anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 cells) were analyzed. Mouse LSCs were separated by Percoll gradient; subse- quently, they were analyzed for the presence of LSC and differentiation corneal epithelial cell markers and characteristics using real-time PCR and flow cytom- etry. Nanofiber scaffolds seeded with LSCs and MSCs were transferred onto the damaged ocular surface in mouse and rabbit models. Cell growth on scaffolds, post-operative inflammatory response and survival of transferred cell were ana- lyzed. Results: Limbal allografts were rejected promptly by the Th1-type of immune response (IL-2, IFN-γ) involving CD4+ cells and nitric oxide produced by macro- phages, contrary to the prevailing Th1 and Th2 immune responses (IL-4, IL-10) in...nezařazení_neaktivníFirst Faculty of Medicine1. lékařská fakult

Limbal stem cell transplantation and their utilization for ocular surface reconstruction.

Aims: Limbal stem cell (LSC) deficiency is one of the most challenging ocular surface diseases. The aim of this thesis was to study damaged ocular surface reconstruction. Therefore, a mouse model of limbal transplantation was estab- lished. Furthermore, LSC isolation, transfer of LSCs and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on nanofiber scaffolds were studied. Material and methods: Syngeneic, allogeneic and xenogeneic (rat) limbal grafts were transplanted orthotopically into BALB/c mice. Graft survival, immune re- sponse and the effect of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) (anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 cells) were analyzed. Mouse LSCs were separated by Percoll gradient; subse- quently, they were analyzed for the presence of LSC and differentiation corneal epithelial cell markers and characteristics using real-time PCR and flow cytom- etry. Nanofiber scaffolds seeded with LSCs and MSCs were transferred onto the damaged ocular surface in mouse and rabbit models. Cell growth on scaffolds, post-operative inflammatory response and survival of transferred cell were ana- lyzed. Results: Limbal allografts were rejected promptly by the Th1-type of immune response (IL-2, IFN-γ) involving CD4+ cells and nitric oxide produced by macro- phages, contrary to the prevailing Th1 and Th2 immune responses (IL-4, IL-10) in..