Trajeto casa-escola e o transporte ativo: estudo em três escolas públicas de Portugal

Assistimos a grandes alterações nos aspetos do estilo de vida atual, como o tempo que os adolescentes passam a ver televisão a utilizar computadores, ao aumento dos meios de transporte motorizados, que contribuem para a diminuição dos níveis de atividade física. Esta diminuição no transporte ativo (TA) para a escola coincidiu com um aumento alarmante na obesidade infantil. A vida das crianças é hoje marcada pela falta de autonomia e maior dependência da família nas deslocações para a escola. Práticas parentais com consciência de segurança, dependência do carro e desenho urbano autocentrado, convergem para produzir crianças que vivem vidas cada vez mais sedentárias. O modo pedonal descrito em estudos internacionais demonstra que este é o mais eficiente nas deslocações até 1 km, enquanto a bicicleta é a opção mais competitiva nas deslocações até 5 km, sendo um modo mais rápido do que o transporte individual, mesmo quando se considera o tempo de acesso até ao veículo e o tempo despendido na procura de estacionamento. As deslocações casa-escola representam uma parte significativa nas deslocações de uma cidade, tendo um impacto significativo no ambiente urbano. Foi objetivo do estudo investigar as formas de deslocamento no trajeto casa-escola de alunos de três escolas públicas de Portugal. Foram avaliadas 555 crianças (10 – 16 anos, x̄=12,2) de ambos os sexos (F=301 e M=254), através de um questionário anónimo e já autorizado com a designação “O Transporte Ativo de Bicicleta nos Hábitos de Deslocação para a Escola”, aprovado pela DGE (Direção de Serviços de Projetos Educativos). O tratamento estatístico contou com análise descritiva das variáveis (média, desvio padrão, percentagens, máximo e mínimo), determinação do teste Qui-Quadrado (variáveis ordinais). Foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas relativamente à distância e o meio de transporte casa-escola, onde 60,9% dos alunos vem a pé para a escola distando desta 1 km. Os alunos que moram de 1,1 km a 3km usam preferencialmente o automóvel para se deslocar para a escola (66,7%), as deslocações de bicicleta são inexistentes. Ainda assim, 89% da população estudada gostaria de vir de bicicleta para a escola. Os dados destes estudos indicam que os alunos vivem próximo da escola, verificado pela distância e tempo gasto no trajeto e dão preferência como meio de transporte ao automóvel, a pé e depois autocarro.Apoio financeiro do CIEC (Centro de Investigação em Estudos da Criança, IE, UMinho; UI 317 da FCT, Portugal) através do Projeto Estratégico UID/CED/00317/2013, financiado através dos Fundos Nacionais da FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia), cofinanciado pelo Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER) através do COMPETE 2020 – Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI) com a referência POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007562.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Active commuting to school: descriptive study among different genders in children of 8th grade

Relatório de atividade Profissional de mestrado em Ensino de Educação Física nos Ensinos Básico e SecundárioConsidero que a Educação Física tem como compromisso com a escola a educação do corpo expressa no movimento, e eu tenho como compromisso com os meus alunos, a educação da mente expressa no corpo. Procuro a consolidação e elevação da disciplina na escola, promovendo a formação integral do aluno, criando um ambiente de cooperação, respeito, cidadania e autonomia dentro e fora do espaço de aula, de forma a que os seus interesses sejam atendidos e necessidades suprimidas. Uma das necessidades preeminentes é o combate ao sedentarismo da sociedade moderna que está a afetar as crianças e os adolescentes, sendo um dos diversos fatores que contribui para a sedentarização, a redução dos esforços físicos na deslocação para a escola. Cabe então a nós professores, investigadores, educadores e pais dar um passo no sentido de contrariar essa tendência e promover o transporte ativo para a escola, trilhando percursos que incluam a atividade física no quotidiano das crianças e jovens, preservando a saúde e aumentando a qualidade de vida. É um dos objetivos desta investigação caminhar nesse sentido; além de estudar os padrões de mobilidade de alunos do oitavo ano de duas escolas de Barcelos, ambiciona-se ainda estabelecer a relação entre as caraterísticas do transporte usado pelos alunos do género masculino e feminino. Foi aplicado um inquérito por questionário nas aulas de educação física a uma amostra de 228 alunos do 8º ano de escolaridade com idades entre os 12 e os 16 anos. O questionário utilizado designa-se “Transporte ativo e rotinas”. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo com uma análise descritiva dos resultados e para a análise estatística dos dados foi utilizado o programa SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). Aproximadamente um terço dos alunos inquiridos utiliza o transporte ativo para a deslocação casa-escola, não se registando grandes diferenças entre os géneros, sendo as raparigas as que se deslocam mais a pé.I believe that Physical Education is committed to school providing the education of the body expressed in the movement, and I'm committed to my students, providing the education of the mind expressed in the body, creating an environment of cooperation, respect, citizenship and autonomy within and outside of class space so, that their interests are met and needs suppressed. One of the preeminent needs is the combat against sedentary lifestyle of modern society that is affecting children and adolescents, being one of the several factors contributing to this harmful lifestyle, the reduce physical effort of traveling to school. It is then up to us teachers, researchers, educators and parents take a step to counter this trend and promote active commuting to school, treading paths that include physical activity in the daily lives of children and youth, preserving the health and increasing the life quality. It is one of the goals of this research to move in this direction; besides studying the mobility patterns of the eighth year students of two schools of Barcelos, we also aim to establish the relationship between the characteristics of the transport used by students of different gender. A survey questionnaire was applied in physical education classes to a sample of 228 students of the 8th grade aged between 12 and 16 years. The questionnaire used is called "Active Transport and Routines". It is a quantitative study with a descriptive analysis of the results and for the statistical analysis we used the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). Approximately one third of the students use active transportation to home-school, there weren’t major differences between the genders, being girls who walked more

Ensuring dynamic strategic fit of firms that compete globally in alliances and networks: proposing the Global SNA - Strategic Network Analysis - framework

In order to sustain their competitive advantage in the current increasingly globalized and turbulent context, more and more firms are competing globally in alliances and networks that oblige them to adopt new managerial paradigms and tools. However, their strategic analyses rarely take into account the strategic implications of these alliances and networks, considering their global relational characteristics, admittedly because of a lack of adequate tools to do so. This paper contributes to research that seeks to fill this gap by proposing the Global Strategic Network Analysis - SNA - framework. Its purpose is to help firms that compete globally in alliances and networks to carry out their strategic assessments and decision-making with a view to ensuring dynamic strategic fit from both a global and relational perspective

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

Make EU trade with Brazil sustainable

Brazil, home to one of the planet's last great forests, is currently in trade negotiations with its second largest trading partner, the European Union (EU). We urge the EU to seize this critical opportunity to ensure that Brazil protects human rights and the environment

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data