273 research outputs found
Kvalioista laatuarvioihin : subjektiivinen kokemus, tietoinen ajattelu ja kuinka pÀÀtökset selitetÀÀn
Academic psychology has traditionally considered subjective explanations for judgments and decisions unreliable or even fabricated. Additionally, explanations have been shown to interfere with judgment and decision making processes, which can degrade the quality of choices. These phenomena have been attributed to the lack of conscious access to the decision making processes. Explaining is assumed to shift the processing from the non-conscious mode into a more verbalized and conscious mode, leading to either fabrication or interference.
This dissertation examines these effects by assuming that subjective experience is a highly relevant intermediate processing stage in decision making, whereas subjective explanations reflect the contents of socially oriented conscious thought, which originates from the metacognitive understanding related to the judgment and decision-making processes. When subjective experience and conscious thought are dissociated, interference or fabrication can occur.
The dissertation presents the ideas underlying the Interpretation-Based Quality (IBQ) method, which emphasizes the special nature of subjective experience in judgments and decisions: Every individual has his or her own subjective point of view, from which the world is interpreted. In the context of preferential judgment and decision making, these differences between individuals, arising from different ways of experiencing the world, are easily regarded as measurement error. The IBQ method approaches these differences by asking research participants to explain their decisions in their own words. These explanations have been further analyzed qualitatively in order to find the relevant subjective dimensions on which decisions are based.
As subjective explanations are used as data, the use of the IBQ method must respond to claims concerning unreliability, fabrication and interference. Therefore, four studies were conducted to test these claims in the evaluation of high image quality. As explaining has been found to shift processing into a more conscious mode, these studies also inform about the role of conscious thought in judgments and decisions.
The general finding of this research was that conscious thought, evoked by the requirement to explain judgments, can also enhance the decision makerâs performance in cases that require tradeoffs, effortful information search and consistency over several decisions. The results suggest that when conscious thought and subjective experience work in concert, subjective explanations can provide highly useful qualitative data about the dimensions of subjective experience that are relevant in judgments and decisions. These dimensions are dependent on personal and contextual factors and cannot be predicted from physical data alone.
The importance of conscious thought in decision making appears to be its ability to bring relevant information into consciousness by means of voluntary attention. This happens particularly in conflicts and when the decisions are novel. In these situations conscious thought and an analytic approach is activated automatically. This mechanism derives from metacognitive understanding, which is learned gradually in similar judgment and decision-making situations.Akateemisen psykologian piirissÀ on perinteisesti suhtauduttu skeptisesti selityksille, joita ihmiset antavat pÀÀtöksilleen: NiitÀ ei pidetÀ vain epÀluotettavina vaan suorastaan tekaistuina. LisÀksi pÀÀtösten selittÀmisen on todettu vaikuttavan hÀiritsevÀsti itse pÀÀtöksentekoprosessiin. NÀiden ilmiöiden on oletettu johtuvan siitÀ, ettei ihminen pÀÀse kiinni pÀÀosin tiedostamattomiin pÀÀtöksentekoprosesseihin. TÀstÀ seurauksena voi olla tekaistu selitys, joka ei kerro alkuperÀisestÀ prosessista, tai huonompi pÀÀtös, joka perustuu helpommin perusteltaviin syihin.
TÀmÀ vÀitöskirja tarkastelee kyseisiÀ ilmiöitÀ kuvanlaadun arvioinnin kontekstissa, olettaen ettÀ subjektiivisen kokemus on olennainen vÀlivaihe matalan tason havaintoprosessien ja varsinaisen pÀÀtöksen vÀlillÀ. Selitykset pÀÀtöksille taas heijastelevat tietoista ajattelua, jonka ajatellaan olevan sosiaalista todellisuutta heijasteleva korkeamman asteen tietoisuuden muoto. Tietoinen ajattelu pohjaa pÀÀtöstilanteiden metakognitiiviseen ymmÀrtÀmiseen. Jos tietoisen ajattelun yhteys subjektiiviseen kokemukseen ei toimi kunnolla, selittÀmisen aiheuttama prosessin muutos voi hÀiritÀ pÀÀtöksiÀ tai johtaa tekaistuihin selityksiin.
VÀitöskirjassa esitellÀÀn tulkintaan perustuva laatu -lÀhestymistapa (Interpretation-Based Quality, lyh. IBQ), joka korostaa subjektiivisen kokemuksen erityistÀ luonnetta pÀÀtöksenteossa: subjektiivinen kokemus syntyy aina yksilöllisestÀ nÀkökulmasta, jonka kautta maailmaa tulkitaan. Jos nÀmÀ tulkinnat eivÀt ole tutkijan tiedossa, yksilöiden vÀliset erot tulkitaan helposti mittausvirheeksi. IBQ lÀhestyy nÀitÀ eroja pyytÀmÀllÀ koehenkilöitÀ kuvaamaan perusteluja tekemilleen pÀÀtöksille omin sanoin. Perustelut analysoidaan laadullisesti, jotta pystytÀÀn kuvaamaan koehenkilöiden pÀÀtöksenteon kannalta olennaiset ulottuvuudet.
Koska tutkimusaineistona kÀytetÀÀn subjektiivisia selityksiÀ pÀÀtöksille, on IBQ-menetelmÀn vastattava kyseisiin tutkimusmenetelmiin liittyvÀÀn kritiikkiin koskien perustelujen luotettavuutta ja niiden vaikutusta alkuperÀiseen pÀÀtöksentekoprosessiin. TÀmÀn vuoksi suoritettiin neljÀ tutkimusta, joissa tarkasteltiin ko. vÀitteisiin liittyviÀ tutkimuskysymyksiÀ. Tutkimusten avulla on mahdollista myös ymmÀrtÀÀ tietoisen ajattelun merkitystÀ aistinvaraisissa pÀÀtöksissÀ.
Tulosten perusteella voidaan sanoa, ettÀ pÀÀtösten perusteleminen ja siihen liittyvÀ tietoinen ajattelu voi myös parantaa pÀÀtöksentekijÀn suoriutumista, kun pÀÀtös vaatii kompromisseja vaihtoehtojen eri ominaisuuksien vÀlillÀ, tahdonalaista tiedonhakua tai yhdenmukaisuutta eri pÀÀtösten vÀlillÀ. Tulokset osoittavat, ettÀ kun tietoinen ajattelu ja subjektiivinen kokemus ovat sopusoinnussa, subjektiiviset perustelut pÀÀtöksille voivat tuottaa hyödyllistÀ tietoa olennaisista pÀÀtöksentekoulottuvuuksista. NÀmÀ ulottuvuudet ovat riippuvaisia yksilö- ja kontekstitekijöistÀ eikÀ niitÀ ole mahdollista ennustaa fysikaalisesta informaatiosta. Tietoisen ajattelun merkitys pÀÀtöksenteossa nÀyttÀisi olevan tahdonalaisen tarkkaavaisuuden avulla tuoda pÀÀtöksen kannalta olennainen informaatio tietoisuuteen. NÀin todennÀköisesti tapahtuu erityisesti konflikteissa ja kun pÀÀtös on yksilölle uusi
The relationship between business ethics and organizations: A study on the role of business ethics in organizations
Business ethics has become a relevant part of doing business in the current age. The perception of how business should be done has shifted away from a profit driven angle to a more varied viewpoint with a large variety of different factors. As such, organizations have had to accommodate these changes to how they operate.
The aim of this thesis is to understand how this change has been taken into consideration by organizations. By researching the role business ethics have in organizations as well as the effects they have on their business practices, a clearer picture of the relationship between the two can be formed. This research is based on a literature review of relevant literature and empirical findings. The literature review is split into two parts. Firstly, it establishes why ethics are needed in business and suggests a circular model where the stakeholders of an organization give them input on how they should act, organizations create output in line the stakeholders demands, which is then perceived and reacted upon by the stakeholders, thus giving more feedback to the organizations, continuing the loop. Secondly, the effects of business on a practical level are looked at by targeting marketing ethics to limit the scope and ensure cohesive results. The framework constructed from the literature review is cross- referenced with data collected in from semi-structured interviews with managers of various organizations.
The findings of the study suggest that business ethics has been integrated further and further into organizations as time has gone onwards, becoming a factor in almost everything they do. Ethics have found a permanent role in organizations as it is seen as a net positive to pay heed to business ethics while doing business. This being said, ethics shouldnât be considered a central part of what makes up an organization, as the benefits of being ethical do not constitute enough advantages to pull the weight of the whole organization.Yritysetiikasta on tullut olennainen osa taÌmaÌnhetkistaÌ liiketoimintaa. KaÌsitys siitaÌ, kuinka liiketoimintaa tulisi harjoittaa on siirtynyt silkasta voitontavoittelusta monipuolisempaan naÌkoÌkulmaan, johon vaikuttaa monet eettiset tekijaÌt. Organisaatioiden on taÌytynyt ottaa huomioon naÌmaÌ muutokset toimintatavoissaan.
TaÌmaÌn tutkielman tarkoituksena on ymmaÌrtaÌaÌ, miten organisaatiot ovat mukautuneet taÌhaÌn muutokseen. Tutkimalla yritysetiikan roolia organisaatioissa sekaÌ sen vaikutusta organisaatioiden kaÌytaÌntoÌihin, voidaan muodostaa selkeaÌmpi kuva yritys etiikan ja organisaatioiden vaÌlisestaÌ suhteesta. TaÌmaÌ tutkimus perustuu kirjallisuuskatsaukseen ja empiirisiin havaintoihin. Kirjallisuuskatsaus on jaettu kahteen osaan. EnsimmaÌiseksi selvitetaÌaÌn, miksi etiikkaa ensinnaÌkin tarvitaan liiketoiminnassa. TaÌtaÌ kuvaa mallinnus, jossa sidosryhmaÌt vaikuttavat siihen, miten organisaation tulisi toimia. Organisaatiot pyrkivaÌt toimimaan sidosryhmien vaatimusten mukaisesti, minkaÌ sidosryhmaÌt havaitsevat ja reagoivat, antaen palautetta organisaatioille ja muokaten organisaatioiden ulosantia sen mukaisesti. TaÌmaÌn lisaÌksi liiketoiminnan vaikutuksia tarkastellaan kaÌytaÌnnoÌn tasolla kohdistamalla tutkimus markkinointietiikkaan. Kirjallisuuskatsauksesta muodostettu viitekehys eri organisaatioiden johtajien puolirakenteisista haastatteluista keraÌttyihin tietoihin.
Tutkimuksen tulokset viittaavat siihen, ettaÌ yritysetiikka on integroitu yhaÌ pidemmaÌlle organisaatioihin ajan myoÌtaÌ. SiitaÌ on tullut osa melkein kaikkea, mitaÌ organisaatiot tekevaÌt. Etiikka on loÌytaÌnyt pysyvaÌn roolin organisaatioissa, koska sillaÌ katsotaan olevan positiivisia vaikutuksia liiketoiminnallisiin paÌaÌmaÌaÌriin. TaÌstaÌ huolimatta etiikkaa ei pitaÌisi pitaÌaÌ keskeisenaÌ osana organisaation paÌaÌmaÌaÌriaÌ, sillaÌ eettisyyden vaikutukset eivaÌt ole riittaÌviaÌ koko organisaation olemassaolon maÌaÌrittelyyn
MagiBand : vuorovaikutteisen teknologian mahdollisuuksia live-esityksissÀ
Teknologia ja digitalisaatio ovat tuoneet mukanaan sellaisia hyötyjÀ, ettÀ elÀmÀÀ ilman niitÀ olisi miltei mahdotonta kuvitella. Ne onkin otettu laajasti kÀyttöön kaikilla ihmisen elÀmÀn osa-alueilla: työnteossa, vapaa-ajalla, ja palveluissa.
Ihmisten nykyisen kiireisen elÀmÀntyylin mukana vaatimukset vapaa-ajan laadulle kasvavat, jolloin halutaan esimerkiksi palautua, rentoutua ja kokea elÀmyksiÀ. Live-esitykset ovatkin yksi elÀmysten tuottamisen tunnetuimmista muodoista, vaikkakaan ne eivÀt enÀÀ vedÀ yleisöÀ kuten ennen tai ainakaan osa nuorista ei tunnu enÀÀ löytÀvÀn elÀvÀn taiteen pariin. Muutokset ympÀröivÀn yhteiskunnan asenteissa ovat antaneet aihetta tÀlle tutkielmalle, joka yrittÀÀ tarjota ratkaisun mahdollistamalla yleisön osallistumisen, esiintyjÀn ja yleisön kaksisuuntaisen vuorovaikutuksen, ja digitaalisen identiteetin jakamisen uuden vuorovaikutteisen konseptin avulla.
Tutkielman osana kehitettiin MagiBand-konsepti, jossa kuvataan puettavan liikeohjaimen ominaisuuksia. Tutkielman tavoitteena oli ottaa selvÀÀ vuorovaikutteista konseptia hyödyntÀville ja tuottaville asiantuntijoille muodostuneita mielipiteitÀ, havaintoja ja asenteita. Haastattelulla hankitun tutkimusaineiston perusteella konseptin jÀrjestelmÀ arvioitiin hyvin innovatiiviseksi, ja ettÀ se mahdollisesti toisi mahdollisesti live-esityksiin lisÀarvoa. Ensisijaiset esiintyjÀt arvioivat hyödyntÀvÀnsÀ konseptin jÀrjestelemÀÀ vain melko todennÀköisesti, mutta yleisöksi konseptia hyödyntÀvÀÀn esitykseen mentÀisiin kuitenkin hyvin todennÀköisesti. Vuorovaikutteinen jÀrjestelmÀ nÀhtiin vetoavana teknologiana, jolla saattaisi pystyÀ houkuttelemaan uutta yleisöÀ kokemaan taidetta.
EsiintyjÀnÀ roolissa heittÀytyminen tuntemattomaan ennalta-arvaamattoman yleisön eteen ja se, ettÀ teknillisyys saattaisi viedÀ liikaa huomiota itse teokselta, koettiin haasteena. Osin myös yleisön osallistumista pidettiin negatiivisena esimerkiksi ensisijaisen esiintyjÀn kokeman arvostuksen vÀhenemisen, ja oman taiteellisen ilmaisun esilletuomisen ja tunnistettavuuden vaarantumisen takia.Technology and digitization have brought benefits that life without them would be almost impossible to imagine. They have been widely adopted in all aspects of human life: at work, in leisure, and in services.
With people's current busy lifestyle, the demands on the quality of their leisure time are growing, which means that they want to recover, relax and have experiences. Live performances are one of the best-known forms of producing experiences, although they no longer seem to attract the audience as they used to, or at least some young people no longer seem to find living art. These changes in the attitudes of the surrounding society have given subject to this study, which seeks to provide a solution by enabling audience participation, two-way interaction between performer and audience, and the sharing of digital identity through a new interactive concept.
As part of the study, wearable motion controller â the MagiBand concept was developed. The aim of the study was to find out the opinions, observations and attitudes formed by experts who would use and produce the concept. The research material obtained through the interview showed that interviewees had a fairly neutral initial reaction of the consept, it was seen as very innovative, and that it could possibly be something that would add value to the live performances. The primary performers and the interviewee in the supporting role of the performance estimate that they are only quite likely to use the concept, but the interviewees would very likely participate in the performance as an audience. The interactive system was seen as an appealing technology that might be able to attract new audiences to experience art.
As a performer, throwing oneself in front of an unknown, unpredictable audience and the fact that technology might take too much attention away from the work itself was perceived as a challenge. Audience participation was also seen as negative due to the decline in appreciation experienced by the primary performer, and oneâs own artistic expression and recognizability was perceived to be compromised
Let me do my job - Industrial Designer's Experiences of Client Collaboration
In the reported study, we explore the relationship of industrial designers and their clients in the co-design process from the designerâs perspective. We look into the conceptual design phases, in which the most critical decisions concerning the product are made. Our primary interest was in how designers perceive decision making as a part of the design process. In our empirical work, we performed artifact-based interviews with seven practicing, professional designers based in Finland. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to analyze the transcribed interviews in order to reveal the central themes in designersâ perception towards design decisions. The analysis surfaced four themes: the backdrop of the industrial design process, the fundamentals of designer identity, and the defense reactions and coping in response to identity threats. We found that while designers perceive the client relationship essential, it often seemed more destructive than constructive for their creative process. Overall, our study suggests, that by improving the communication and collaboration in the client-designer relationship, the innovativeness of industrial design commissions could be improved
The fewer reasons, the more you like it! : How decision-making heuristics of image quality estimation exploit the content of subjective experience
Peer reviewe
In vitro sensitivity to methyl-prednisolone is associated with clinical response in pediatric idiopathic nephrotic syndrome
The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro steroid sensitivity as a predictor of clinical response to glucocorticoids in childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS). Seventy-four patients (median age 4.33, interquartile range [IQR] 2.82-7.23; 63.5% male) were enrolled in a prospective multicenter study: in vitro steroid inhibition of patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation was evaluated by [methyl-(3) H] thymidine incorporation assay at disease onset (T0) and after 4 weeks (T4) of treatment. Steroid dependence was associated with increased in vitro sensitivity at T4 assessed both as drug concentration inducing 50% of inhibition (IC50 ; odds ratio [OR] = 0.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.24-0.85; P = 0.0094) and maximum inhibition at the highest drug concentration (Imax ; OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02-1.31; P = 0.017). IC50 > 4.4 nM and Imax < 92% at T4 were good predictors for optimal clinical response. These results suggest that this test may be useful for predicting the response to glucocorticoid therapy in pediatric INS
Medical genetics and genomic medicine in the United States of America. Part 1: history, demographics, legislation, and burden of disease.
- âŠ