Cariotipo de Espeletiopsis muiska

RESUMEN Objetivo. Estudiar el ciclo celular y realizar la descripción cromosómica de Espeletiopsis muiska, utilizando células meristemáticas de ápices radicales obtenidos a través de cultivo in vitro de embriones en medio MS suplementado con AIB. Materiales y métodos. Se colectaron ápices radicales a diferentes horas del día y se contaron en ellos las células presentes en cada fase mitótica, se determinó la duración del ciclo celular y la hora de mayor actividad mitótica. La descripción de los cromosomas y la elaboración del cariotipo de la especie, se realizó utilizando un protocolo que permitió la obtención de cromosomas metafásicos. Resultados. Respecto a la duración del ciclo celular, se encontró que la interfase comprende el 94.65% y la mitosis el 5.35% del total del ciclo celular. Entre las fases mitóticas la profase tiene mayor duración, 1.92%, mientras que la anafase es la más corta, 0.96%. En cuanto a la hora mitótica, las células meristemáticas de los ápices radicales presentaron mayor actividad entre las 10:30 y las 11:15. Con el estudio citogenético se encontraron 19 pares de cromosomas con longitudes e índices centroméricos similares y cariotipo asimétrico. Conclusiones. El estudio detallado de los cromosomas, permitió determinar un complemento cromosómico 2n=38+2B, dos cromosomas con microsatélites terminales y uno con constricción secundaria

Common Reactions of Furfural to scalable processes of Residual Biomass

Energy and the environment will always play key roles in society. The climate emergency cannot be ruled out to enable the transition for a clean energy future. Currently, non-renewable energy resources are declining, therefore is important to continuously explore renewable resources. Biomass is a renewable resource that can be applied to reduce climate changes and to accomplhish emission policies. Cellulose is the most abundant type of biomass worldwide, which can be transformed into biofuels and potential building block platform molecules (e.g furfural) throughout biological or chemical methods. Furfural can be synthetized from cellulose using hydrolysis and dehydration reactions. Furfural has a furan ring and carbonyl functional group which makes it an important intermediary to produce higher value-added molecules at  industrial level. These molecules include gasoline, diesel and jet fuel. However, furfural can also be transformed by hydrogenation, oxidation, decarboxylation and condensation reactions. The selective hydrogenation of furfural produces furfuryl alcohol, an important industrial compound, which is widely employed in the production of resins, fibers, and is considered an essential product for pharmaceutical applications. On the other hand, the oxidation of furfural produces furoic acid which is appliedin the agrochemical industry, where it is commonly transformed to furoyl chloride which is finally  used in the production of drugs and insecticides. The oxidation and reduction of furfural can carry out through heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis, and biocatalysis.  Selectivity is an important issue in furfural hydrogenation and oxidation reactions since different products can be obtained by using monometallic or bimetallic catalysts and/or different catalyst supports. In biocatalysis approach, different enzymes, complete cells, tools of modern biotechnology, DNA sequencing, regulation of metabolic networks, overexpression of genes that encode enzymes of interest and optimization of the cellular properties of the microorganism are used. Herein, a review on the current status of furfuryl alcohol and furoic acid production from furfural by heterogeneous catalysis and biocatalysis has been studied. The stability, selectivity and activity of catalystsalong with the different furfural oxidation and reduction conditions have been pointed out. Additionally, the main enzymes, microorganisms and mechanism involved in the furfural degradation process have also been discussed.publishersversionpublishe

Propagación in vitro de plantas adultas de Vaccinium meridionale (Ericaceae) In vitro propagation of mature plants of Vaccinium meridionale (Ericaceae)

Se desarrolló un procedimiento de micropropagación de plantas adultas de Vaccinium meridionale utilizando como explantes primarios ápices caulinares. Durante la fase de establecimiento in vitro de explantes se estudió el efecto de los medios MS/3, WPM, AND y el propuesto por Kyte para Blueberry, suplementados con 2-iP más AIA ó BA más AIA. Durante la proliferación de microtallos se evaluó el efecto del medio MS/3 líquido, sólido y en doble fase (una fase líquida sobre una fase solidificada con agar), suplementados con 2-iP más AIA. El enraizamiento in vitro y ex vitro de microtallos y macollas se indujo utilizando auxinas y/o carbón activado y para el desarrollo de raíces se utilizó un sustrato enriquecido con materia orgánica. El endurecimiento de plántulas se realizó de manera simultánea con el proceso de desarrollo radical. Después de la fase de establecimiento, la media más alta, 4.5, yemas axilares desarrolladas por explante viable, se cuantificó en MS/3 suplementado con 59.05 µM de 2-iP más 17.13 µM de AIA. Durante la fase de proliferación de microtallos la media más alta, 7.25, se cuantificó en MS/3 en doble fase. Después de 60 días de endurecimiento el 88-100% de los microtallos enraizaron y reactivaron su crecimiento.<br>Using stem apex as primary explants, a micropropagation protocol of Vaccinium meridionale was established. During establishment phase the effect of the MS/3, WPM, AND and Kyte media, supplemented with 2-iP plus IAA or BA plus IAA was studied. During microshoot proliferation the effect of MS/3 liquid, solid and double phase (the liquid phase in a solidified phase with agar) supplemented with 2-iP plus IAA was evaluated. In vitro and ex vitro rooting of microshoots and microshoots was accomplished using auxines and/or activated charcoal; for root development a substratum with abundant organic matter was utilized. Plantlet hardening was achived simultaneously with the radical development process. After establishment phase, the highest quantity of axillary buds/explant was quantified in cultures performed in MS/3 supplemented with 2-iP, 59.05 µM plus IAA 17.13 µM. During the microshoot proliferation phase the highest average production was obtained in double phase MS/3. After 60 days of hardening 88-100% of rooted microshoots was obtained; these plantlets showed growth reactivation