« Un chercheur, une manip » : une idée féconde

Au Palais de la Découverte, le récent concept de médiation « Un chercheur, une manip » permet aux visiteurs d’être les témoins des plus récentes découvertes et de rencontrer leurs auteurs, enrichit l’établissement de présentations nouvelles et nourrit l’espoir de favoriser la naissance de vocations scientifiques : le responsable rappelle ici les principes fondateurs de ce programme, dresse un bilan et pointe les perspectives de développement.At the ’Palais de la Découverte’ (Palace of Discovery), the recent mediation concept ’A researcher, an experiment’ enables visitors to witness the most recent discoveries and to meet those who made them, enriches the institution with new presentations and fuels hope of encouraging new scientific vocations: in this article the person in charge recalls the founding principles of this programme, presents an assessment and indicates the perspectives for development

How to Simulate the Surface of a Cometary Nucleus for Public Science Demonstrations

International audienceTo celebrate and appropriately illustrate the rendezvous of the European Rosetta spacecraft with comet 67P/Churyumov– Gerasimenko and the landing of Philae on the surface of the comet’s nucleus on 12 November 2014, the French science museum Palais de la Découverte developed and presented a new and original demonstration. The experiment simulates the behaviour of a cometary surface in a vacuum and shows the formation of jet-like features. We explain here how to prepare an analogue to cometary material from porous ices and carbon, how to approximately reproduce the cometary environment at low pressure, temperature and solar illumination, and how to present the experiment at a public science demonstration

Cognitive flexibility predicts early reading skills

International audienceAn important aspect of learning to read is efficiency in accessing different kinds of linguistic information (orthographic, phonological, and semantic) about written words. The present study investigates whether, in addition to the integrity of such linguistic skills, early progress in reading may require a degree of cognitive flexibility in order to manage the coordination of this information effectively. Our study will look for evidence of a link between flexibility and both word reading and passage reading comprehension, and examine whether any such link involves domain-general or reading-specific flexibility. As the only previous support for a predictive relationship between flexibility and early reading comes from studies of reading comprehension in the opaque English orthography, another possibility is that this relationship may be largely orthography-dependent, only coming into play when mappings between representations are complex and polyvalent. To investigate these questions, 60 second-graders learning to read the more transparent French orthography were presented with two multiple classification tasks involving reading-specific cognitive flexibility (based on words) and non-specific flexibility (based on pictures). Reading skills were assessed by word reading, pseudo-word decoding, and passage reading comprehension measures. Flexibility was found to contribute significant unique variance to passage reading comprehension even in the less opaque French orthography. More interestingly, the data also show that flexibility is critical in accounting for one of the core components of reading comprehension, namely, the reading of words in isolation. Finally, the results constrain the debate over whether flexibility has to be reading-specific to be critically involved in reading

Automatic phonological activation during visual word recognition in bilingual children:a cross-language masked priming study in Grades 3 and 5

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Testing for the Dual-Route Cascade Reading Model in the Brain: An fMRI Effective Connectivity Account of an Efficient Reading Style

Neuropsychological data about the forms of acquired reading impairment provide a strong basis for the theoretical framework of the dual-route cascade (DRC) model which is predictive of reading performance. However, lesions are often extensive and heterogeneous, thus making it difficult to establish precise functional anatomical correlates. Here, we provide a connective neural account in the aim of accommodating the main principles of the DRC framework and to make predictions on reading skill. We located prominent reading areas using fMRI and applied structural equation modeling to pinpoint distinct neural pathways. Functionality of regions together with neural network dissociations between words and pseudowords corroborate the existing neuroanatomical view on the DRC and provide a novel outlook on the sub-regions involved. In a similar vein, congruent (or incongruent) reliance of pathways, that is reliance on the word (or pseudoword) pathway during word reading and on the pseudoword (or word) pathway during pseudoword reading predicted good (or poor) reading performance as assessed by out-of-magnet reading tests. Finally, inter-individual analysis unraveled an efficient reading style mirroring pathway reliance as a function of the fingerprint of the stimulus to be read, suggesting an optimal pattern of cerebral information trafficking which leads to high reading performance