Mean transport and seasonal cycle of the Kuroshio east of Taiwan with comparison to the Florida Current

Moored observations of Kuroshio current structure and transport variability were made across the channel between northeast Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands at 24 degreesN from September 19, 1994, to May 27, 1996. This was a cooperative, effort between the United States and Taiwan. The moored array was designated PCM-1, for the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) transport resolving array. The dominant current and transport variability occurred on 100-day timescales and is shown by Zhang et al. [2001] to be caused by warm mesoscale eddys merging with the Kuroshio south of the array causing offshore meandering and flow splitting around the Ryukyu Islands. An annual transport cycle could not be resolved from our 20-month moored record because of abasing from the 100-day period events. Sea level difference data were used to extend the transport time series to 7 years giving a variation in the range of the annual transport cycle of 4-10 Sv, with a mean range closer to 4 Sv. The seasonal maximum of 24 Sv occurred in the summer and the seasonal minimum of 20 Sv occurred in the fall. A weaker secondary maximum also occurred in the winter. The cycle of Kuroshio transport appears to result from a combination of local along-channel wind forcing and Sverdrup forcing over the Philippine Sea. Our estimate of the mean transport of the Kuroshio at the entrance to the East China Sea from the moored array is 21.5 +/- 2.5 Sv. The mean transpacific balance of meridional flows forced by winds and thermohaline processes at this latitude requires an additional mean northward flow of 12 Sv with an annual cycle of +/-8 Sv along the eastern boundary of the Ryukyu Islands. The mean transport and annual cycle of the Kuroshio were found to be in reasonable agreement with basin-scale wind-forced models. Remarkable similarities are shown to exist between the mean western boundary currents and their seasonal cycles in the Atlantic (Florida Current and Antilles Current) and Pacific (Kuroshio and boundary current east of Ryukyu Island chain) at the same latitude. However, detailed comparison shows that the mean Kuroshio is weaker and more surface intensified than the mean Florida Current, while the Kuroshio-transport variability is significantly larger

Existence of the solution of classical smoothing problems with obstacles and weights

We show that classical smoothing problems with obstacles and weights have always the solution. These problems are considered in quite general case, namely, we allow arbitrary dimension of variable and arbitrary degree in derivative part of functional to minimize. While the existence is proved without any assumption about the uniqueness of solution, some conditions assuring the uniqueness are also analyzed

USGCRP Seminar

In this USGCRP seminar, issues about the impact of drought and floods in the news and feel it in the cost of goods and services would be discussed. Each year seems to bring with it droughts or floods that cause billions of dollars in economic losses and untold societal disruption to major parts of our nation. (Drought in the Midwest in 1988 and in the Southeast in 1989. Floods in the Mississippi River Basin in 1992 and in California in 1994). Around the world the situation is the same, even worse in some instances. What causes these extreme events and conditions? Can we predict the occurrence of such events as a means of being prepared, and reducing the impacts of extreme climate events? Can we be better prepared? What success to date has there been in predicting such events? What's the prognosis

Interocean Exchange of Thermocline Water

Formation of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) represents a transfer of upper layer water to abyssal depths at a rate of 15 to 20 × 106 m3/s. NADW spreads throughout the Atlantic Ocean and is exported to the Indian and Pacific Oceans by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and deep western boundary currents. Naturally, there must be a compensating flow of upper layer water toward the northern North Atlantic to feed NADW production. It is proposed that this return flow is accomplished primarily within the ocean's warm water thermocline layer. In this way the main thermoclines of the ocean are linked as they participate in a thermohaline-driven global scale circulation cell associated with NADW formation. The path of the return flow of warm water is as follows: Pacific to Indian flow within the Indonesian Seas, advection across the Indian Ocean in the 10°–15°S latitude belt, southward transfer in the Mozambique Channel, entry into the South Atlantic by a branch of the Agulhas Current that does not complete the retroflection pattern, northward advection within the subtropical gyre of the South Atlantic (which on balance with the southward flux of colder North Atlantic Deep Water supports the northward oceanic heat flux characteristic of the South Atlantic), and cross-equatorial flow into the western North Atlantic. The magnitude of the return flow increases along its path as more NADW is incorporated into the upper layer of the ocean. Additionally, the water mass characteristics of the return flow are gradually altered by regional ocean-atmosphere interaction and mixing processes. Within the Indonesian seas there is evidence of strong vertical mixing across the thermocline. The cold water route, Pacific to Atlantic transport of Subantarctic water within the Drake Passage, is of secondary importance, amounting to perhaps 25% of the warm water route transport. The continuity or vigor of the warm water route is vulnerable to change not only as the thermohaline forcing in the northern North Atlantic varies but also as the larger-scale wind-driven circulation factors vary. The interocean links within the Indonesian seas and at the Agulhas retroflection may be particularly responsive to such variability. Changes in the warm water route continuity may in turn influence formation characteristics of NADW

Assessment of enterprise competitiveness at the example of Tõrva Consumer Union

Konkurents kui majanduslik võistlus on edasiviiv jõud. Konkurents innustab ettevõtteid efektiivsemalt tegutsema, taotlema pidevalt uuendusi, sunnib tootjaid ja vahendajaid kiirelt reageerima muutuvatele vajadustele. Konkurents aktiviseerib ettevõtteid tõstma toodete kvaliteeti, alandama nende hindu ja parandama ostjaskonna teenindamist Ettevõtte konkurentsivõime on kompleksvõime, mille tunnusteks on ettevõtte edukus, tulemuslikkus, arengu jätkusuutlikkus. Ettevõtte konkurentsivõime avaldub võrdluses teiste ettevõtetega ning näitab tema positsiooni teiste hulgas. Ettevõtted, kes on oma tegevusalal (turul) teistest konkurentsivõimelisemad (toodavad paremaid kaupu, valmistavad teistest odavamaid tooteid), saavutavad ka teistest paremaid tulemusi. Konkurentsivõime avaldub suuremas läbimüügis, paremates finantstulemustes, efektiivsemas ressursside kasutamises jne. Konkurentsivõime näitab produktiivsust, millega ettevõte kasutab oma ressursse. Magistritöö eesmärk oli hinnata Tõrva Tarbijate Ühistu konkurentsivõimet ja teha ettevõttele ettepanekuid konkurentsivõime tõstmiseks. Konkurentsivõime hindamiseks võetakse perioodiks aastad 2006-2012. Empiirilises osas kasutatavad andmed pärinevad ettevõtte aastaaruannetest aastatel 2006-2012, asutuse sisestest analüüsidest, ETK Grupi aruannetest, Eesti Statistikaametist ja Eesti Konjunktuuriinstituudist. Tõrva Tarbijate Ühistu on Valgamaal suurim tegutsev kaubandusettevõte, töötajaid on 90, kellest müügipersonal 70 ja 2012 aasta müügikäive oli 7,3 miljonit EUR-i. Tõrva Tarbijate Ühistu kuulu ETK Gruppi. Magistritöös kasutati järgmisi kvantitatiivseid analüüsimeetodeid: Müügitulu, kasumi ja efektiivsuse (töötunni ja müügipinna tootlikkus) analüüs; suhtarvude analüüs; teooriaga tulemuste esitamine ja ettevõtte tegevusele hinnangu andmine teksti, tabelite ja graafiliste jooniste abil. Tõrva Tarbijate Ühistu tegutseb väga tiheda konkurentsiga turul. Selleks et toime tulla, tuleb hoolega jälgida turul toimuvat ja tagada konkurentidega sarnane hinnapoliitika. Müügivõimet hindavad suhtarvud on aastatega oluliselt paranenud, kuid jaekaubandusturul toimuv peab hoidma ettevõtte valvsana, sest konkurendid on asunud väga jõuliselt turgu hõivama. Efektiivsusnäitajaid on aastatel 2011 ja 2012 oluliselt paranenud, kuid jäävad ikka oluliselt madalamaks, kui ETK Grupist keskmiselt ja kõige tähtsam on suurendada kasumit, sest kui ettevõte on kasumis, siis suudetakse tehaCompetition as economic rivalry is the driving force. Competition inspires enterprises to operate more effectively, seek innovations, makes producers and dealers respond quickly to changing needs. Competition makes enterprises improve the quality of products , reduce prices and improve consumer service. The aim of the MA paper was to assess the competitiveness of Tõrva Consumer Union and make suggestions how to enhance it.The analysis involves the years 2006-2012. Tõrva Consumer Union is the biggest commercial enterprise in Valgamaa with 90 employees, including 70 salespeople. Sales turnover in 2012 was 7.3 million euros.Tõrva Consumer Union does not belong to ETK Group. In the MA paper the following quantitative methods of analysis were used: Analysis of revenue, profit and efficiency(labour and selling space productivity per hour) analysis of ratios theoretical presentation of results and assessment of enterprise’s activity through text,charts and graphic figures. Tõrva Consumer Union operates on the market with very tight competition.In order to manage,the market must be followed carefully and the same price policy guaranteed that the rivals have. Ratios assessing sales ability have been improving in years but the situation on the retail market must keep the enterprise alert because rivals have forcefully started to occupy the market. Efficiency indicators have greatly improved in years 2011-2012 but are still substantially lower than the average of ETK Group .It is essential to increase profit because if the enterprise is profitable then it is possible to make investments and pay workers competitive salary. The author suggests that the administration should do the following: in order to increase profit, all sales units must be checked , their expenses and revenues analysed and braver decisions made concerning noneffective shops. work effectiveness indicators must be analysed more effectively , more part-time work used and if necessary, a day shooting taken i.e. having an actual look at the usage of working time in a shop in order to increase premium(i.e. profit also increases ) the accuracy of indents and „holes on shelves“ must be checked ,lack of goods in a shop means unearned revenue, leftover and perishable goods show enterprise expenses The aim of the MA paper is fulfilled. Being the first similar survey conducted in the enterprise it gives essential and necessary information

Põhifunktsioonide graafikute harjutamise paketi ülesannete failid ja töölehed

https://www.ester.ee/record=b5452661*es

Quasi‐interpolation by splines on the uniform knot sets

In the case of uniform grids, the error of the spline interpolant of a function defined on R has been well estimated. On the basis of the spline interpolation formula for functions defined on R we derive quasi‐interpolation formulae for functions defined on R or in a vicinity of a bounded interval, say [0,1], and we estimate the difference between the interpolant and the quasi‐interpolants. First Published Online: 14 Oct 201