Dionysos Ômèstès (Plutarque, Thémistocle, 13 ; Antoine, 24)

À travers l’étude de deux extraits des Vies de Plutarque (Thémistocle, 13 et Antoine, 24), faisant tous deux apparaître un Dionysos Ômèstès, cette contribution tente de donner une appréciation de la fiabilité de cet auteur comme source pour l’étude des épiclèses du polythéisme hellénique. La mise en perspective de ces deux passages au sein de l’œuvre plutarchéenne, mais aussi leur confrontation avec d’autres sources, permettent en effet de déterminer que, dans les deux cas, Plutarque a extrait cette épiclèse de son contexte cultuel originel pour la réintégrer dans un contexte historique tout autre. La mise au jour de ce procédé, soutenue par d’autres exemples, permet in fine d’esquisser des hypothèses et d’autres pistes de recherche sur l’utilisation des épiclèses divines par cet auteur

Ongoing diphtheria outbreak in Yemen: a cross-sectional and genomic epidemiology study.

BACKGROUND: An outbreak of diphtheria, declared in Yemen in October, 2017, is ongoing. We did a cross-sectional study to investigate the epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological features of the outbreak. METHODS: Probable cases of diphtheria that were defined clinically and recorded through a weekly electronic diseases early warning system (from 2017, week 22, to 2020, week 17) were used to identify trends of the outbreak (we divided the epidemic into three time periods: May 29, 2017, to June 10, 2018; June 11, 2018, to June 3, 2019; and June 4, 2019, to April 26, 2020). We used the line list of diphtheria reports for governorate-level descriptions. Vaccination coverage was estimated using the 2017 and 2018 annual reports by the national Expanded Programme on Immunization. To confirm cases biologically, Corynebacterium diphtheriae was isolated and identified from throat swabs using standard microbiological culture and identification procedures. We assessed differences in the temporal and geographical distributions of cases, including between different age groups. For in-depth microbiological analysis, tox gene and species-specific rpoB real-time PCR, Illumina genomic sequencing, antimicrobial susceptibility analysis (disk diffusion, E-test), and the Elek diphtheria toxin production test were done on confirmed cases. We used genomic data for phylogenetic analyses and to estimate the nucleotide substitution rate. FINDINGS: The Yemen diphtheria outbreak affected almost all governorates (provinces), with 5701 probable cases and 330 deaths recorded up to April 26, 2020. We collected clinical data for 888 probable cases with throat swab samples referred for biological confirmation, and genomic data for 42 positive cases, corresponding to 43 isolates (two isolates from one culture were included due to distinct colony morphologies). The median age of patients was 12 years (range 0·2-80). The proportion of cases in children aged 0-4 years was reduced during the second time period, after a vaccination campaign, compared with the first period (19% [95% CI 18-21] in the first period vs 14% [12-15] in the second period, p<0·0001). Among 43 tested isolates, 39 (91%) produced the diphtheria toxin and two had low level (0·25 mg/L) antimicrobial resistance to penicillin. We identified six C diphtheriae phylogenetic sublineages, four of which are genetically related to isolates from Saudi Arabia, Eritrea, and Somalia. Inter-sublineage genomic variations in genes associated with antimicrobial resistance, iron acquisition, and adhesion were observed. The predominant sublineage (30 [70%] of 43 isolates) was resistant to trimethoprim and was associated with unique genomic features, more frequent neck swelling (p=0·0029) and a younger age of patients (p=0·060) compared with the other sublineages. Its evolutionary rate was estimated at 1·67 × 10-6 substitutions per site per year, placing its most recent common ancestor in 2015, and indicating silent circulation of C diphtheriae in Yemen before the outbreak was declared. INTERPRETATION: In the Yemen outbreak, C diphtheriae shows high phylogenetic, genomic, and phenotypic variation. Laboratory capacity and real-time microbiological monitoring of diphtheria outbreaks need to be scaled up to inform case management and transmission control of diphtheria. Catch-up vaccination might have provided some protection to the targeted population (children aged 0-4 years). FUNDING: National Centre of the Public Health Laboratories (Yemen), Institut Pasteur, and the French Government Investissement d'Avenir Programme. TRANSLATION: For the Arabic translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Sous le regard de Zeus Horios. Borner la terre en pays grec.

La diversité des sources relatives aux horoi – limites, frontières, bornes – dans le monde grec antique est sans doute révélatrice de l'importance de la délimitation et du bornage de la terre aux yeux des anciens Grecs. C'est la retranscription de cet enjeu multiforme – tant symbolique que matériel, politique qu'économique – dans le champ du polythéisme qui fera l'objet de cette présentation. Si l'on se borne aux puissances divines explicitement invoquées comme garantes de ces horoi, on constate qu'au sein d'un ensemble où l'on rencontre Apollon, Athéna, Héra, émerge incontestablement la figure du Zeus Horios. La mise en contexte et en série des données relatives au culte de ce dernier, ainsi que l'examen des logiques théologiques qui les soutiennent et les procédés rituels qui les accompagnent, formeront par conséquent le cœur de cette étude. Au-delà des possibilités d'expérimentation sur le fonctionnement du polythéisme hellénique qu'elle offre, cette étude de cas permettra, on l'espère, d'éclairer la manière grecque d'investir symboliquement la terre, en l'occurrence de justifier sur le plan religieux les délimitations appliquées à celle-ci.Mémoires de la terr

« Rien dans tout cela où ne soit Zeus »: l’eau du ciel, un domaine exclusivement jovien ?

International audienceThis article deals with three issues pertaining to the role of Zeus as rainmaker, with a special attention paid to his cult-epithets. First, it seems that water from the sky is exclusively jovian, if we except few peculiar cases. Secondly, a peculiar cultic pattern for the rainy Zeus can be assumed. But even if this god is often connected with mountain-tops, inter alia, data is too meager to transpose all the characteristics of the cult of Zeus Ἰκμαῖος in Keos in every place where a rainy Zeus is worshiped. Thirdly, this paper will try to emphasize the links between rainy Zeus and other jovian figures, which show the coherence of the divine power which was designated by the name « Zeus ».Cet article propose une étude globale des compétences de Zeus en matière de pluie et autres précipitations, à travers ses épiclèses. Trois aspects seront successivement abordés. D’abord, la question de l’exclusivité de Zeus dans ce champ de compétence : à l’exception de quelques cas particuliers, il semble bien que la pluie soit exclusivement jovienne. Ensuite, l’hypothèse d’un possible schéma qui serait caractéristique au Zeus pluvieux sera testée. Bien que des composantes soient récurrentes dans nombre de ses cultes (le lien aux sommets, entre autres), les données ne sont toutefois pas suffisamment étoffées pour faire des caractéristiques du culte de Zeus Ἰκμαῖος à Kéos un modèle applicable à tous les cultes du Zeus pluvieux. Enfin, cet article tentera de mettre en évidence les connexions entre le Zeus pluvieux et d’autres figures joviennes, connexions qui soulignent la cohérence de la puissance divine désignée sous le nom de « Zeus »

Zeus Polieus à Athènes : les Bouphonies et au-delà

International audienceThe study of the evidence regarding the cult of Zeus Polieus in Athens, in the asty as well as in the demes (end of 6th c. – beginning of 3rd c. CE), allows us to emphasize three main dimensions of the god. These are: his fundamental rooting on the Acropolis, the highness of his location — which explains his probable agricultural skills — and his political role. The Polieus’ political capacity shall not be overestimated, though: in Athens, he is neither a tutelary god nor an active protector of the polis. He rather seems to guarantee the unity of the political community and, above all, the tutelary position of Athena (Polias). At least, this is what an aetiological tale for the Bouphonia, found in a gloss from Hesychios, seems to show. Indeed, this version of the myth differs noticeably from the more famous one from Pophyry’s De Abstinentia.L’examen de l’ensemble des données relatives au culte de Zeus Polieus à Athènes, tant dans l’asty que dans les dèmes (fin du vie s. – début du iiie s. ap. J.-C.), permet de mettre en évidence trois dimensions de ce dieu : son ancrage fondamentalement acropolitain ; sa position élevée, dont il tire de possibles compétences en matière agricole ; son rôle politique. Toutefois, ce dernier aspect ne doit pas être surévalué : à Athènes, le Polieus n’est ni un dieu tutélaire ni un protecteur actif de la cité. Il semble plutôt garantir l’unité de la communauté politique et surtout la position tutélaire d’Athéna (Polias) ; c’est du moins ce que laisse entendre une glose d’Hésychios qui propose un récit étiologique des Bouphonies sensiblement différent de celui, bien connu, transmis par le De Abstinentia de Porphyre

Quelques réflexions sur les dieux Karpophoroi et consorts

Une des lamelles oraculaires de Dodone, datable de la seconde moitié du ive siècle, consigne une question adressée par les Corcyréens et les Oriciens formulée en ces termes : [Θ]εός. ᾽Επικοινῶνται τοὶ Κορκυ ραῖοι καὶ τοὶ Ὠρίκιοι τῶι Διὶ τῶι Ναί ωι καὶ τᾶι Διώναι τίνι κα θεῶν ἢ ἡ ρώων θύοντες καὶ εὐχόμενοι τὰ- ν̣ πόλιν κ̣άλλιστα οἰκεῦεγ καὶ ἀσφα λέστατα καὶ εὐκαρπία σφιν καὶ πο λυκαρπία τελέθοι καὶ κατόνασις παν τὸς τὠγαθοῦ καρποῦ. Dieu. Les Corcyréens et les Oriciens demandent à Zeus Naios et..

Greek Cult-Epithets Database

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