Grain yield and quality of common bean cultivars cultivated in the water and winter seasons

No Brasil, o feijoeiro é cultivado em três safras, com cada uma necessitando de diferentes níveis tecnológicos para a obtenção de elevadas produtividades. Entretanto, estudos para avaliar o efeito da safra na produtividade e qualidade dos grãos em cultivares de feijoeiro são escassos. Desta forma, objetivou-se avaliar e comparar o desempenho de cultivares de feijoeiro do grupo comercial carioca, quanto às características agronômicas e tecnológicas dos grãos, cultivadas na safra das águas e de inverno, bem como indicar os melhores genótipos para serem cultivados em cada época. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, apresentando 20 tratamentos, com 10 cultivares de feijão e 2 safras de cultivo, em três repetições. Foram avaliados os atributos agronômicos: número de vagens por planta, número de grãos por vagem, massa de 100 grãos e produtividade de grãos, e os atributos tecnológicos dos grãos, sendo eles o tempo de cozimento, relação de hidratação e o tempo para a máxima hidratação dos grãos. A produtividade e a relação de hidratação dos grãos das cultivares de feijão foram superiores na safra de inverno. A safra de inverno apresentou maior tempo para a máxima hidratação dos grãos do que a safra das águas, entretanto o tempo para cozimento dos grãos não foi afetado. Nas condições de estudo, recomenda-se para a safra de inverno a cultivar BRS MG Requinte e para a safra das águas a cultivar BRS MG Horizonte. A cultivar BRS MG Talismã é recomendada tanto para cultivo na safra das águas como na safra de inverno.In Brazil, the common bean is growing in three seasons, with each one requiring different technological levels to obtain high yields. However, studies to evaluate the season effect on grain yield and quality in bean cultivars are scarce. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of common bean cultivars of the commercial group from ‘carioca’, regarding the agronomic and technological characteristics of the grains, cultivated in the waters and winter seasons, as well as indicate the best genotypes to be cultivated in each season. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design, with 20 treatments, with 10 cultivars of bean and 2 seasons, in three replications. The agronomic attributes were evaluated: number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, mass of 100 grains and grain yield, and grain technological attributes, such as cooking time, hydration ratio and time to maximum hydration of the grains. The yield and hydration ratio of the bean cultivars were higher in the winter season. The winter season presented a longer time for the maximum hydration of the grains than waters season, however the time for cooking of the grains was not affected. In the experimental conditions, for the winter season it is recommended BRS MG Requinte cultivar and for the waters season BRS MG Horizonte cultivar. The BRS MG Talismã cultivar is recommended for crop cultivation in the two seasons.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Cognitive differentiation during childhood: A study on cognitive profiles of 5, 7, and 9-year-old children

No seio do debate sobre se a inteligência é mais bem definida por um fator geral ou por aptidões específicas, ganha relevância a hipótese da diferenciação cognitiva. Análises recentes enfatizam o interesse dessa questão para a investigação e alertam para a relevância das suas implicações na área educativa. Este estudo analisou a possibilidade de a diferenciação das aptidões cognitivas ocorrer já na infância e também o efeito moderador do Quociente de Inteligência na magnitude da relação entre as habilidades cognitivas. Aplicou-se uma bateria de provas que avaliam várias funções cognitivas a uma amostra de 231 crianças com 5, 7 e 9 anos, distribuídas por três grupos de desempenho cognitivo. Os resultados de uma análise de clusters hierárquica e de uma análise de variância apontam para a não diferenciação das funções cognitivas na infância. Contudo, uma análise mais cuidadosa aponta para alguma diferenciação suportada pela heterogeneidade dos perfis cognitivos junto dos alunos com Quociente de Inteligência elevado.Within the debate about whether intelligence is best defined by a general factor or specific skills, the hypothesis of cognitive differentiation gains relevance. Recent analyses have emphasized the importance of this issue in the investigation of cognitive skills and have highlighted its implications in education. This study examined the possibility that the differentiation of cognitive abilities may occur during childhood and investigated the moderating effect of Intelligence Quotient on the magnitude of the relationship between cognitive abilities. A battery of tests for assessing cognitive function was administered to 231 children aged 5, 7, and 9 years old, who were divided into three cognitive performance groups. The results of hierarchical cluster analysis and variance analysis indicate the lack of differentiation of cognitive functions during childhood. However, a more careful analysis suggests some differentiation supported by the heterogeneity of cognitive profiles among students with high Intelligence Quotient.FCT -Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia(SFRH/BD/84153/2012

Novel insights into the genomic basis of citrus canker based on the genome sequences of two strains of Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolii

Background: Citrus canker is a disease that has severe economic impact on the citrus industry worldwide. There are three types of canker, called A, B, and C. The three types have different phenotypes and affect different citrus species. The causative agent for type A is Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, whose genome sequence was made available in 2002. Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolii strain B causes canker B and Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolii strain C causes canker C. Results: We have sequenced the genomes of strains B and C to draft status. We have compared their genomic content to X. citri subsp. citri and to other Xanthomonas genomes, with special emphasis on type III secreted effector repertoires. In addition to pthA, already known to be present in all three citrus canker strains, two additional effector genes, xopE3 and xopAI, are also present in all three strains and are both located on the same putative genomic island. These two effector genes, along with one other effector-like gene in the same region, are thus good candidates for being pathogenicity factors on citrus. Numerous gene content differences also exist between the three cankers strains, which can be correlated with their different virulence and host range. Particular attention was placed on the analysis of genes involved in biofilm formation and quorum sensing, type IV secretion, flagellum synthesis and motility, lipopolysacharide synthesis, and on the gene xacPNP, which codes for a natriuretic protein. Conclusion: We have uncovered numerous commonalities and differences in gene content between the genomes of the pathogenic agents causing citrus canker A, B, and C and other Xanthomonas genomes. Molecular genetics can now be employed to determine the role of these genes in plant-microbe interactions. The gained knowledge will be instrumental for improving citrus canker control.Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientIfico e Tecnologico (CNPq)Coordenacao para Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior (CAPES)Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura (FUNDECITRUS