Why Are Outcomes Different for Registry Patients Enrolled Prospectively and Retrospectively? Insights from the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF).

Background: Retrospective and prospective observational studies are designed to reflect real-world evidence on clinical practice, but can yield conflicting results. The GARFIELD-AF Registry includes both methods of enrolment and allows analysis of differences in patient characteristics and outcomes that may result. Methods and Results: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and ≥1 risk factor for stroke at diagnosis of AF were recruited either retrospectively (n = 5069) or prospectively (n = 5501) from 19 countries and then followed prospectively. The retrospectively enrolled cohort comprised patients with established AF (for a least 6, and up to 24 months before enrolment), who were identified retrospectively (and baseline and partial follow-up data were collected from the emedical records) and then followed prospectively between 0-18 months (such that the total time of follow-up was 24 months; data collection Dec-2009 and Oct-2010). In the prospectively enrolled cohort, patients with newly diagnosed AF (≤6 weeks after diagnosis) were recruited between Mar-2010 and Oct-2011 and were followed for 24 months after enrolment. Differences between the cohorts were observed in clinical characteristics, including type of AF, stroke prevention strategies, and event rates. More patients in the retrospectively identified cohort received vitamin K antagonists (62.1% vs. 53.2%) and fewer received non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (1.8% vs . 4.2%). All-cause mortality rates per 100 person-years during the prospective follow-up (starting the first study visit up to 1 year) were significantly lower in the retrospective than prospectively identified cohort (3.04 [95% CI 2.51 to 3.67] vs . 4.05 [95% CI 3.53 to 4.63]; p = 0.016). Conclusions: Interpretations of data from registries that aim to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of patients with AF must take account of differences in registry design and the impact of recall bias and survivorship bias that is incurred with retrospective enrolment. Clinical Trial Registration: - URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier for GARFIELD-AF (NCT01090362)

Utilisation de l'approche protéomique pour l'identification et la caractérisation de cibles de thiorédoxines chez Arabidopsis thaliana (Application à l'étude d'un stress photo-oxydatif)

LE KREMLIN-B.- PARIS 11-BU Méd (940432101) / SudocPARIS-BIUP (751062107) / SudocSudocFranceF

Synergistic action of rapid chilling and nisin on the inactivation of Escherichia coli

International audienceThe effect of rapid and slow chilling on survival and nisin sensitivity was investigated in Escherichia coli. Membrane permeabilization induced by cold shock was assessed by uptake of the fluorescent dye 1-N-phenylnapthylamine. Slow chilling (2 degrees C min(-1)) did not induce transient susceptibility to nisin. Combining rapid chilling (2,000 degrees C min(-1)) and nisin causes a dose-dependent reduction in the population of cells in both exponential and stationary growth phases. A reduction of 6 log of exponentially growing cells was achieved with rapid chilling in the presence of 100 IU ml(-1) nisin. Cells were more sensitive if nisin was present during stress. Nevertheless, addition of nisin to cell suspension after the rapid chilling produced up to 5 log of cell inactivation for exponentially growing cells and 1 log for stationary growing cells. This suggests that the rapid chilling strongly damaged the cell membrane by disrupting the outer membrane barrier, allowing the sensitization of E. coli to nisin post-rapid chilling. Measurements of membrane permeabilization showed a good correlation between the membrane alteration and nisin sensitivity. Application involving the simultaneous treatment with nisin and rapid cold shock could thus be of value in controlling Gram negatives, enhancing microbiological safety and stability

Functional Properties of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase after Proteolytic Cleavage at Leu 119 -Lys 120 , Close to the A-domain

International audienc

Rates of chilling to 0°C: Implications for the survival of microorganisms and relationship with membrane fluidity modifications

International audienceThe effects of slow chilling (2 degrees C min(-1)) and rapid chilling (2,000 degrees C min(-1)) were investigated on the survival and membrane fluidity of Escherichia coli, of Bacillus subtilis, and of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell death was found to be dependent on the physiological state of cell cultures and on the rate of temperature downshift. Slow temperature decrease allowed cell stabilization, whereas the rapid chilling induced an immediate loss of viability of up to more than 90 and 70% for the exponentially growing cells of E. coli and B. subtilis, respectively. To relate the results of viability with changes in membrane physical state, membrane anisotropy variation was monitored during thermal stress using the fluorescence probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. No variation in the membrane fluidity of all the three microorganisms was found after the slow chilling. It is interesting to note that fluorescence measurements showed an irreversible rigidification of the membrane of exponentially growing cells of E. coli and B. subtilis after the instantaneous cold shock, which was not observed with S. cerevisiae. This irreversible effect of the rapid cold shock on the membrane correlated well with high rates of cell inactivation. Thus, membrane alteration seems to be the principal cause of the cold shock injury

A Prospective Cohort Study to Identify Clinical, Biological, and Imaging Features That Predict the Etiology of Acute Encephalitis

International audienceBackground. New diagnostic tools have been developed to improve the diagnosis of infectious encephalitis. Using a prospective cohort of encephalitis patients, our objective was to identify possible clusters of patients with similar patterns among encephalitis of unknown cause (EUC) and to describe to what extent a patient's initial presentation may be predictive of encephalitis etiology, particularly herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Methods. The National Cohort of Infectious Encephalitis in France is an ongoing prospective cohort study implemented in France in 2016. Patients who present with documented or suspected acute infectious encephalitis were included. Focusing on the variables that describe the initial presentation, we performed a factor analysis of mixed data (FAMD) to investigate a pattern of association between the initial presentation of a patient and the etiologic pathogen. Results. As of 1 August 2018, data from 349 patients were analyzed. The most frequent pathogens were HSV (25%), VZV (11%), tick-borne encephalitis virus (6%), Listeria (5%), influenza virus (3%), and EUC (34%). Using the FAMD, it was not possible to identify a specific pattern related to the group of EUC. Age, temporal or hemorrhagic lesions, and cerebral spinal fluid lymphocytosis were significantly associated with HSV/VZV encephalitis. Conclusions. No initial clinical/imaging/biology pattern was identified at admission among EUC, despite the improvement in diagnostic tools. In this context, the recommendation for a universal, early, probabilistic, initial treatment against HSV and VZV is still relevant, regardless of the initial clinical presentation of the encephalitis

ARTICLE IN PRESS G Model PRBI-8924; No. of Pages 6 Process Biochemistry xxx (2010) xxx-xxx Process Biochemistry Modeling small-scale cassava starch extraction. Simulation of the reduction of water consumption through a recycling process

a b s t r a c t The purpose of this study was to model the extraction unit operation of the cassava starch manufacturing process and to propose a realistic recycling simulation in order to reduce the volumes of effluents. The model was developed from reactors which are commonly used for cassava starch extraction at a household scale in Vietnam. The reactors were tested using inflow starch as a marker at the beginning of the batch process. The experimental residence time distribution (RTD exp ) was calculated by the outflow of the starch concentration. Using Matlab ® , the RTD exp was compared to the theoretical residence time distribution (RTD th ). The dynamic model obtained was built up on Simulink ® and tested with four different strategies of recycling methods. Sedimented starch was collected from the different types of processes; the pH value and the titratable acidity of starch were then measured. The results showed a good correlation between RTD exp and RTD th . The reactors were described by a model of two mixed tanks in series. The simulation of the recycling process revealed a reduction in quantity of water used up to 43%; however, the recycling process increased significantly the titratable acidity of starch up to 6.48 ± 0.11 mequiv. H + /100 g dry matter

Évaluation des risques en appui des mesures de gestion de produits dans la filière bovine, lors de suspicion et de confirmation de cas de botulisme: Avis de l’Anses. Rapport d’expertise collective

Anses. (2021). Évaluation des risques en appui des mesures de gestion de produits dans la filière bovine, lors de suspicion et de confirmation de cas de botulisme (saisine 2019-SA-0112): Avis de l'Anses. Rapport d'expertise collective. Maisons-Alfort : Anses, 112 pLe botulisme est une maladie neurologique humaine et animale provoquée par l’action de neurotoxines bactériennes (toxines botuliques) produites par des bactéries du genre Clostridium et qui se manifeste par des paralysies flasques pouvant aller jusqu’à la paralysie respiratoire et l’arrêt cardiaque. Il existe neuf types connus de toxines botuliques.Le botulisme animal en France concerne essentiellement les oiseaux (sauvages et domestiques) et les bovins. Les cas chez les bovins sont dus aux types mosaïque D/C (majoritaire), C, C/D et rarement au D. Au niveau national, l’incidence observée les 10 dernières années est en moyenne d’une dizaine de foyers par an. Bien qu’il s’agisse d’une maladie animale de première catégorie, il n’y a pas à l’heure actuelle de mesures de police sanitaire établies par la réglementation, lors de la confirmation d’un foyer de botulisme animal, ce qui conduit à une gestion au cas par cas par les directions départementales de la protection des populations (DDPP) et la mission des urgences sanitaires (MUS) de la DGAL. Cesservices peuvent s’appuyer sur deux documents émis par l’Afssa : le rapport sur le botulisme animal établi en 2002 et l’avis rendu en janvier 2009 sur un projet d’arrêté fixant des mesures techniques et administratives relatives à la lutte contre le botulisme aviaire. Les rapports et avis cités étant relativement anciens, la DGAL a saisi l’Anses via 4 saisines (saisines 2019-SA-0112 à 2019-SA-0115), dont l’objet est une demande d’actualisation des connaissances et des évaluations de risque pour la santé humaine et/ou animale.L’expertise a été réalisée en deux étapes :1. Une mise à jour des connaissances sur Clostridium botulinum (types C, D, mosaïques C/D et D/C et E) effectuée par le groupe de travail (GT) « Groupe socle botulisme », portant sur les caractéristiques microbiologiques, les maladies humaine et animale (bovins, oiseaux et poissons), la présence des différentes formes et types dans l’environnement, le danger dans les denrées alimentaires d’origine animale ainsi que l’efficacité des méthodes et procédés d’inactivation.2. Le traitement des questions d’évaluation des risques par des groupes de travail spécifiques (« Botulisme bovin-aviaire » ; « Décontamination » ; « Faune sauvage et environnement »).La présente saisine porte sur l’évaluation des risques en appui des mesures de gestion de produits dans la filière bovine, lors de suspicion et de confirmation de cas de botulisme dans un troupeau. Les questions posées dans la saisine sont les suivantes :- « Quel est le risque pour l’Homme lié à la consommation de produits carnés ou laitiers provenant d’un bovin en incubation ou atteint de botulisme ? Le risque est-il différent selon les souches bactériennes et la population concernée (nourrissons, enfants, adultes, personnes fragiles) ?Comment l’état de santé des animaux influence-t-il le risque pour le consommateur final (importance relative entre la phase d’incubation et la phase clinique) ?- Quel est le risque potentiel associé aux produits carnés et laitiers issus des autres animaux du troupeau que ceux strictement malades ? Existe-t-il des moyens pour diminuer ce risque de contamination des produits ?- La manipulation de carcasses en abattoir d’un animal issu d’un lot de bovins atteints de botulisme mais dépourvus de signes cliniques présente-t-elle un risque pour les employés de contracter le botulisme ? Comment le maîtriser ?- Quelle est l’efficacité des différents traitements du lait sur les formes végétatives et sporulées (pasteurisation, traitement UHT, bactofugation, filtration membranaire) ? Dans quelle mesure peuvent-ils être considérés comme assainissant