The Vietnam War and the laws of war: An examination of North Vietnam's military strategy and its compliance with the laws of war.

The thesis focuses on the Vietnamese side of the Vietnam War. Though this war is one of the wars best documented, literature about the Vietnamese side is much less in comparison with that about the American side. In the war, inherited from the long history of national defence and influenced by Marxism-Leninism on war and army, North Vietnam applied the Vietnamese strategy of people's war.calling all Vietnamese people to participate in national effort to fight against American aggression. The North Vietnam's military strategy was not consistent with the basic principles of the laws of war as it did not distinguish combatants from non-combatants. This strategy put civilian population at risk. However, the thesis demonstrates through original archive and interview based research how the People's Army of Vietnam (PA VN) was not unrestrained. It had its own rules of engagement in fighting as well as in everyday contact with civilian, in order to minimize civilian casualties and protect civilian lives and assets. Also, PAVN paid great attention to winning and maintaining support of civilian as this support was crucial for its own existence as well as its war fighting capability. One implication of studying the North Vietnam's way of war is that North Vietnam's war against America was not immoral. It also has implications on the debate about the morality of American war in Vietnam and reflection to the American's current counterinsurgency doctrine - the Petraeus Doctrine

Organisational Baseline Study: Overview report for My Loi CSV, Vietnam (VN02)

This report covers the Organisational Baseline Study (OBS) for the CCAFS climate-smart village My Loi in central Viet Nam. During October and November 2014 interviews were conducted with ten organisations working or collaborating with farmers and/or the community in Ky Anh district in Ha Tinh province. The My Loi research site lies in the uplands of the north central coast. The region has four but increasingly variable seasons, increase in frequency and magnitude of storms and tropical low-pressure systems, increase in intensity of dry and hot westerly wind (Laos wind). The main farming systems comprise a blend of crop-livestock systems with the main crops being rainfed rice, cassava, peanut, and acacia. This OBS report supplements the qualitative village baseline studies at the same location. The objectives of the organisational baseline study are to: Provide indicators to monitor changes in behaviours and practices of locally relevant organisations that have climate change related activities in Ha Tinh over time Understand the provision of information/services at the local level that informs farmers’ decision making about their livelihood strategies in response to climate chang

Participatory identification of climate-smart agriculture priorities

With the concept climate-smart agriculture (CSA) being relatively new, there is a need to test and develop practical and systematic methodologies and approaches for documenting and evaluating CSA practices in the field. The implementation of CCAFS’ Climate-Smart Villages (CSV) involves identifying, assessing and selecting climate-smart farming practices. This report contains three sections: (i) a framework for identifying and assessing CSA in the field with a long list of CSA indicators in identifying and monitoring CSA interventions; (ii) cost-benefit analysis of some selected climate-smart farming systems; and (iii) the participatory process of prioritizing CSA options with the villagers. The work builds on our experiences from the My Loi CSV and its scaling domains in Ky Anh district, Ha Tinh province, in the north-central region of Viet Nam. English version: https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/75542/Participatory%20CSA_ICRAF_Final.pd

A Study on Derailment at Railway Turnout Using the Multi-body Dynamics Simulation

In this study, the locomotive and the turnout were simulated with three-dimensional models. The purpose of this study is prediction the derailment phenomenon of the locomotive running on the turnout in Vietnam. Multi-body simulations were implemented by SIMPACK software to determine the derailment coefficient, the wheel unloading factor, and the lateral force. The interaction between the locomotive and the track structure at turnout was considered unified. The derailment coefficient, the wheel unloading factor, and the lateral force were calculated for locomotive-D19E at turnout (tg0.15) for 1000 mm gauge according to QCVN 18:2011/BGTVT, EN 14363:2016, and TCVN 8784:2011. The derailment coefficient, the wheel unloading factor, and the lateral force for the locomotive at max speed V=27.8 km/h are 0.94, 0.61, and 67.46 kN, respectively. These results show that the locomotive will not derail when it passes the turnout at a speed V 27.8 km/h

Measurement Profile of Surface Revolution by Laser Scan Micrometer Method

Measurement profile of surface revolution by laser scan micrometer method is a non-contact measurement method that allows de-tailed profile measurements with fast measuring speed by using laser scanning and accuracy is much higher than other non-contact scanning methods. This paper presents the mathematical model profile of surface revolution and the application of the laser scan micrometer method for measuring this detailed profile. Fabricating complete equipment model according to the author's proposed method. Compare the results of measuring the profile of surface revolution on a construction measuring device with a roundness meter Jenoptik F315 to prove the feasibility of the construction measurement method

A Study on Derailment at Railway Turnout Using the Multi-body Dynamics Simulation

In this study, the locomotive and the turnout were simulated with three-dimensional models. The purpose of this study is prediction the derailment phenomenon of the locomotive running on the turnout in Vietnam. Multi-body simulations were implemented by SIMPACK software to determine the derailment coefficient, the wheel unloading factor, and the lateral force. The interaction between the locomotive and the track structure at turnout was considered unified. The derailment coefficient, the wheel unloading factor, and the lateral force were calculated for locomotive-D19E at turnout (tg0.15) for 1000 mm gauge according to QCVN 18:2011/BGTVT, EN 14363:2016, and TCVN 8784:2011. The derailment coefficient, the wheel unloading factor, and the lateral force for the locomotive at max speed V=27.8 km/h are 0.94, 0.61, and 67.46 kN, respectively. These results show that the locomotive will not derail when it passes the turnout at a speed V 27.8 km/h

STUDY OF NEGATIVE REFRACTIVE INDEX IN Rb FOUR-LEVEL N-TYPE ATOMIC GAS MEDIUM

In this work, we study the generation of a negative refractive index based on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a Rb four-level N-type atomic gas medium. We derive analytic expressions for the relative permittivity and relative permeability of the medium according to the parameters of the probe, pump, and signal laser fields. We then investigate the variation of the real parts of the relative permittivity and relative permeability with respect to the intensity and frequency of the pump and signal laser fields. In the presence of the pump laser beam, the medium becomes transparent to the probe laser beam even in the resonant region. At the same time, the real parts of the relative permittivity and relative permeability are simultaneously negative (i.e., the medium exhibits a negative refractive index) in the EIT spectral domain. In the presence of the signal laser beam, the EIT effect occurs over two different frequency domains of the probe beam, so a negative refractive index is also generated in these two frequency domains. The investigation of the real parts of the relative permittivity and relative permeability with intensity and frequency of the pump and signal laser fields allowed us to find the laser parameters for the appearance of the negative refractive index, which can be useful for experimental observations

Modeling of milling forces in facing process of aluminum alloy AL7075 using the square inserts

Cutting forces play very important in designing the tool machine, cutting tool, and in optimization of machining processes. Modeling and prediction of cutting forces by theoretical methods are quite difficult, so, this study was focused on modeling the cutting force in face milling process using combination of theoretical and experimental methods. This study was performed to model the milling forces (MFs) and determine the milling force coefficients (MFCs) in the face milling process of aluminum alloy Al7075 using square inserts. From theoretical and experimental methods, the relationship of average milling forces (AMFs) and feed per flute (ft) were determined as the linear regression. Using experimental data, the linear regressions of AMFs and feed per flute were determined with high values of determination coefficients (larger than 95 %). MFCs were determined including shear and edge MFCs (tangential shear MFC (Ktc) of 538.127 N/mm2, radial shear MFC (Krc) of 185.967 N/mm2, axial shear MFC (Kac) of -691.297 N/mm2, tangential edge MFC (Kte) of 11.253 N/mm, radial edge MFC (Kre) of 6.991 N/mm, and axial edge MFC (Kae) of –32.971 N/mm. The MF models were successfully verified by comparing the measured and predicted MFs in face milling process of Al7075. The tendency and shape of predicted MFs were quite close to the measured ones. The differences between the predicted and the measured MFs can be due to the several reasons such as the influence of vibrations, the influence of cutting heat, etc., and these are also the limitations of this study. The modeling and prediction methods of this study can be used to model and predict the cutting forces in face milling of other milling types and other pairs of cutting tool and workpiece material as wel