Cathepsin K Null Mice Show Reduced Adiposity during the Rapid Accumulation of Fat Stores

Growing evidences indicate that proteases are implicated in adipogenesis and in the onset of obesity. We previously reported that the cysteine protease cathepsin K (ctsk) is overexpressed in the white adipose tissue (WAT) of obese individuals. We herein characterized the WAT and the metabolic phenotype of ctsk deficient animals (ctsk−/−). When the growth rate of ctsk−/− was compared to that of the wild type animals (WT), we could establish a time window (5–8 weeks of age) within which ctsk−/−display significantly lower body weight and WAT size as compared to WT. Such a difference was not observable in older mice. Upon treatment with high fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks ctsk−/− gained significantly less weight than WT and showed reduced brown adipose tissue, liver mass and a lower percentage of body fat. Plasma triglycerides, cholesterol and leptin were significantly lower in HFD-fed-ctsk−/− as compared to HFD-fed WT animals. Adipocyte lipolysis rates were increased in both young and HFD-fed-ctsk−/−, as compared to WT. Carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 activity, was higher in mitochondria isolated from the WAT of HFD treated ctsk−/− as compared to WT. Together, these data indicate that ctsk ablation in mice results in reduced body fat content under conditions requiring a rapid accumulation of fat stores. This observation could be partly explained by an increased release and/or utilization of FFA and by an augmented ratio of lipolysis/lipogenesis. These results also demonstrate that under a HFD, ctsk deficiency confers a partial resistance to the development of dyslipidemia

Bone disease: Current knowledge and future prospects

The advent of genomics approaches to studying human disease have yielded a large number of genes and gene families that are involved in the process of bone formation and bone remodeling. The identification and characterization of these genes has provided significant insights into the pathogenesis of numerous human bone diseases. This review details current understanding of the role of many of these genes in bone development and disease. We review the current status of bone disease prevention/treatment modalities and describe how recent advances in our understanding of the molecules responsible for different aspects of osteoblast, osteoclast and chondrocyte function may provide novel biochemical markers and treatment strategies for bone disease

The actions and interactions of noradrenaline, dopamine and L-dopa

1 v. (various paging) : ill. ; 26 cm.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Adelaide, Dept. of Human Physiology and Pharmacology, 197