Effect of different organo-mineral fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of Perlette grapeII. Effect on yield and quality

The present study on grape nutrition was carried out with a view to find out the effects of different organo-mineral fertilizers on yield and quality of Perlette grape. The results obtained are summarized below.T15 (bonemeal 0.5 kg + neemcake 0.5 kg + bloodmeal 0.5 kg + calcium ammonium nitrate 0.990 kg + superphosphate 0.456 kg + muriate of potash 0.813 kg) gave maximum number of bunches per plant followed by T13 (bonemeal 0.5 kg + bloodmeal 0.5 kg + calcium ammonium nitrate 1.22 kg + superphosphate 0.487 kg + muriate of potash 0.825 kg) in the year 1973-74 while in the year 1972-73 they exchanged their positions. The same treatments also produced the longest bunches having maximum diameter in both the years. Mean weight of the bunches and volume of bunches were also highest under T15, closely followed by T13 and T12 (bonemeal 0.5 kg + neemcake 0.5 kg + calcium ammonium nitrate 1.014 kg + superphosphate 0.500 kg + muriate of potash 0.822 kg). As a conseqμence, maximum yield was recorded under T15, followed by T13. Maximum TSS content was observed under T15 and maximum acidity under T1 (calcium ammonium nitrate 1.22 kg + superphosphate 0.782 kg + muriate of potash 0.833 kg). Maximum total sugar content and reducing sugar content were noted under T15 while maximum non-reducing sugar content was observed under T16 (farm yard manure 8 kg+ bonemeal 0.5 kg + neemcake 0.5 kg + bloodmeal 0.5 kg + calcium ammonium nitrate 0.629 kg + muriate of potash 0.640 kg).Einfluß verschiedener organisch-mineralischer Dünger auf Wachstum, Ertrag und Qualität bei der Rebensorte PerletteII. Beeinflussung von Ertrag und Qualität Organisch-mineralische Düngergemische unterschiedlicher Zusammensetzung wirkten sich folgendermaßen auf den Ertrag und die Traubenqualität der Rebensorte Perlette aus:Im Versuchsjahr 1973-74 wurde durch Düngung mit T15 (0,5 kg Knochenmehl + 0,5 kg Zedrach-Preßkuchen + 0,5 kg Blutmehl + 0,990 kg Kalkammonsalpeter + 0,456 kg Superphosphat+ 0,813 kg Chlorkalium) die höchste Anzahl von Trauben je Rebe erzielt; an zweiter Stelle folgle der Dünger T13 (0,5 kg Knochenmehl + 0,5 kg Blutmehl + 1,22 kg Kalkammonsalpeter + 0,487 kg Superphosphat + 0,825 kg Chlorkalium), 1973-74 war die Düngerwirkung umgekehrt. In beiden Jahren wurden unter dem Einfluß dieser zwei Düngervarlanten auch die längsten Trauben mit dem größten Durchmesser gebildet. Bei Anwendung von T15 wurde auch das höchste Durchschnittsgewicht und -volumen der Trauben gemessen; nur wenig darunter lagen T13 und T12 (0,5 kg Knochenmehl + 0,5 kg Zedrach-Preßkuchen + 1,014 kg Kalkammonsalpeter + 0,500 kg Superphosphat + 0,822 kg Chlorkalium). Infolgedessen war der Höchstertrag bei T15, gefolgt von T13, zu verzeichnen. Der höchste Gehalt an löslicher Trockensubstanz wurde bei T15, der höchste Säuregrad bei T1 (1,22 kg Kalkammonsalpeter + 0,782 kg Superphosphat + 0,833 kg Chlorkalium) festgestellt. Die höchsten Konzentrationen des Gesamtzuckers und der reduzierenden Zucker wurden bei T15 beobachtet; die höchste Konzentration der nichtreduzierenden Zucker erbrachte dagegen T16 (8 kg Stallmist + 0,5 kg Knochenmehl + 0,5 kg Zedrach-Preßkuchen + 0,5 kg Blutmehl + 0,629 kg Kalkammonsalpeter + 0,640 kg Chlorkalium)

Anatomizing extracellular polymer of Calothrix desertica with its anti-oxidation and anti-nutrient profiling

Calothrix desertica having a semilunar apical heterocyst is proficient at excreting 1.2 g/L of extracellular polymers (EPsC) in 45 days. The refined EPsC constitutes 430 mg/g of glycogen, 390 mg/g of protein, and 14.6 mg/g of glycoproteins (GPs). The glycoprotein estimation of EPsC was performed by two step hydrolysis methods with H2SO4. The peak between 10 mAU to 20 mAU in HPLC, 1400 cm-1 to 1700 cm-1 in FTIR, and 40kDa- 35kDa bands in SDS-PAGE authenticates the presence of glycoproteins in the EPsC. The EPsC agglomerate of 1000 nm to 3000 nm size with a Zeta potential of -20 mV to 5 mV was determined using DLS. Further EPsC of nanosizes of 30 nm to 150 nm in 50,000 X and 20 nm to 40 nm in 60,000 X was measured using FE- SEM. The DPPH assay and H2O2 scavenging assay showed 73.1% and 70.8% of anti-oxidant activity in EPsC, which is coequally efficient as standard gallic acid. EPsC biopolymer can also be used as a potential reducing agent, as per the anti-nutrient activity studies

jefA (Rv2459), a drug efflux gene in Mycobacterium tuberculosis confers resistance to isoniazid & ethambutol

Background & objectives: Drug efflux pumps have been contributing factor(s) in the development of multidrug resistance in various clinically relevant bacteria. During efflux pump gene expression studies on mycobacteria, we have found a previously uncharacterized open reading frame (ORF) Rv2459 to be overexpressed in drug stressed conditions. The objective of the present study was to investigate the role of this ORF as a drug efflux pump, which might add new information in our understanding about the alternative mechanisms of drug resistance in mycobacteria. Methods: The open reading frame Rv2459 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis encoding a probable drug efflux protein has been cloned using pSD5 E.coli-Mycobacterium shuttle vector and overexpressed in M. tuberculosis H37Rv. This ORF was named as jefA. Overexpression of this gene in clones has been verified by real-time reverse transcription PCR. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of recombinant as well as non-recombinant clones were determined by resazurin microtitre assay plate method (REMA) with and without efflux pump inhibitors carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and verapamil. Results: In recombinant strains of M. tuberculosis, the overexpression of this gene led to an increase in MIC of anti-tubercular drugs isoniazid and ethambutol when tested by REMA. In the presence of CCCP and verapamil, the recombinant strains showed decrease in MIC for these drugs. Bioinformatic analysis has shown a close relation of JefA protein with drug efflux pumps of other clinically relevant bacteria. In homology derived structure prepared from nearest available model, it was observed that amino acids forming TMH 1, 8 and 11 participated in ethambutol specificity and those forming TMH 2, 7 and 10 participated in isoniazid specificity in JefA. Interpretation & conclusion: The increased transcription of jefA leads to increased resistance to ethambutol and isoniazid in M. tuberculosis via efflux pump like mechanism and contributes in the development of resistance to these drugs. JefA amino acid sequence is well conserved among clinically important bacterial genera, which further provides evidence of being a potent drug efflux pump. The involvement in drug resistance and very little homology with any of the human proteins makes JefA important to be included in the list of potential drug targets

Whole genome sequencing for drug resistance determination in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

South Africa remains challenged with a high tuberculosis burden accompanied by an increase in drug resistant cases. We assessed the use of the Illumina MiSeq, a next-generation sequencing platform for whole genome sequencing, followed by bioinformatic analysis using a commercial software package to determine resistance to selected drugs used for Mycobacterium tuberculosis treatment in our setting. Whole genome sequencing shows potential as a diagnostic platform for the detection of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis with the provision of information for several drugs simultaneously

Whole genome sequencing for drug resistance determination in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

South Africa remains challenged with a high tuberculosis burden accompanied by an increase in drug resistant cases. We assessed the use of the Illumina MiSeq, a next-generation sequencing platform for whole genome sequencing, followed by bioinformatic analysis using a commercial software package to determine resistance to selected drugs used for Mycobacterium tuberculosis treatment in our setting. Whole genome sequencing shows potential as a diagnostic platform for the detection of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis with the provision of information for several drugs simultaneously.Funding was provided by the National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa.The National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, South Africahttp://www.ajlmonline.orgam2020Medical Microbiolog

Use of Short Tandem Repeat Sequences to Study Mycobacterium leprae in Leprosy Patients in Malawi and India

Molecular typing has provided an important tool for studies of many pathogens. Such methods could be particularly useful in studies of leprosy, given the many outstanding questions about the pathogenesis and epidemiology of this disease. The approach is particularly difficult with leprosy, however, because of the genetic homogeneity of M. leprae and our inability to culture it. This paper describes molecular epidemiological studies carried out on leprosy patients in Malawi and in India, using short tandem repeat sequences (STRS) as markers of M. leprae strains. It reveals evidence for continuous changes in these markers within individual patients over time, and for selection of different STRS-defined strains between different tissues (skin and nerve) in the same patient. Comparisons between patients collected under different circumstances reveal the uses and limitations of the approach—STRS analysis may in some circumstances provide a means to trace short transmission chains, but it does not provide a robust tool for distinguishing between relapse and reinfection. This encourages further work to identify genetic markers with different stability characteristics for incorporation into epidemiological studies of leprosy

DNA replication and the GINS complex: localization on extended chromatin fibers

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The GINS complex is thought to be essential for the processes of initiation and elongation of DNA replication. This complex contains four subunits, one of which (Psf1) is proposed to bind to both chromatin and DNA replication-associated proteins. To date there have been no microscopic analyses to evaluate the chromatin distribution of this complex. Here, we show the organization of GINS complexes on extended chromatin fibers in relation to sites of DNA replication and replication-associated proteins.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Using immunofluorescence microscopy we were able to visualize ORC1, ORC2, PCNA, and GINS complex proteins Psf1 and Psf2 bound to extended chromatin fibers. We were also able to detect these proteins concurrently with the visualization of tracks of recently replicated DNA where EdU, a thymidine analog, was incorporated. This allowed us to assess the chromatin association of proteins of interest in relation to the process of DNA replication. ORC and GINS proteins were found on chromatin fibers before replication could be detected. These proteins were also associated with newly replicated DNA in bead-like structures. Additionally, GINS proteins co-localized with PCNA at sites of active replication.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In agreement with its proposed role in the initiation of DNA replication, GINS proteins associated with chromatin near sites of ORC binding that were devoid of EdU (absence of DNA replication). The association of GINS proteins with PCNA was consistent with a role in the process of elongation. Additionally, the large size of our chromatin fibers (up to approximately 7 Mb) allowed for a more expansive analysis of the distance between active replicons than previously reported.</p

Ancient genomes reveal a high diversity of Mycobacterium leprae in medieval Europe.

Studying ancient DNA allows us to retrace the evolutionary history of human pathogens, such as Mycobacterium leprae, the main causative agent of leprosy. Leprosy is one of the oldest recorded and most stigmatizing diseases in human history. The disease was prevalent in Europe until the 16th century and is still endemic in many countries with over 200,000 new cases reported annually. Previous worldwide studies on modern and European medieval M. leprae genomes revealed that they cluster into several distinct branches of which two were present in medieval Northwestern Europe. In this study, we analyzed 10 new medieval M. leprae genomes including the so far oldest M. leprae genome from one of the earliest known cases of leprosy in the United Kingdom-a skeleton from the Great Chesterford cemetery with a calibrated age of 415-545 C.E. This dataset provides a genetic time transect of M. leprae diversity in Europe over the past 1500 years. We find M. leprae strains from four distinct branches to be present in the Early Medieval Period, and strains from three different branches were detected within a single cemetery from the High Medieval Period. Altogether these findings suggest a higher genetic diversity of M. leprae strains in medieval Europe at various time points than previously assumed. The resulting more complex picture of the past phylogeography of leprosy in Europe impacts current phylogeographical models of M. leprae dissemination. It suggests alternative models for the past spread of leprosy such as a wide spread prevalence of strains from different branches in Eurasia already in Antiquity or maybe even an origin in Western Eurasia. Furthermore, these results highlight how studying ancient M. leprae strains improves understanding the history of leprosy worldwide