Immunohistochemical study of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder: diagnostic and therapeutic implications

Invasive urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most common form of urinary bladder cancer and most dogs ultimately die of the disease. It is derived from urothelium, a unique, highly specialised epithelium which lines the lower urinary tract and functions as a physical barrier as well as a sensory structure. Canine UC is believed to be an appropriate animal model because canine UC shares many characteristics with human UC. A substantive comparative study on tumorigenic molecules expressed by canine and human UC is anticipated as an important development toward understanding the mechanism. Tyrosine kinases are proteins that phosphorylate other proteins on tyrosine residues. Evidence suggests that in both human and veterinary patients, tyrosine kinases are often abnormally activated in malignant tumours. Examples of receptor tyrosine kinases include Kit and VEGFR2, all of which are known to be dysregulated forms of cancer. Toceranib phosphate (Palladia®; Pfizer Animal Health, Madison, NJ, USA) is an oral oxindole receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor that blocks the activity of VEGFR2, PDGFRα/β, FLT-3, KIT and CSFR1. The aims of this study were to extend the knowledge about the immunohistochemical factors involved in urothelial carcinogenesis and identify risk factors for development of UC

ANALISIS GANGGUAN PADA HEATER MESIN OVEN FUJI 18 KVA DI PT.DMC TEKNOLOGI INDONESIA

Kerusakan material film dan kaca polyester dalam siklus pembuatan layar sentuh yang terjadi di PT. DMC Teknologi Indonesia sekitar 2364 ppm atau 50% dari total defect yang ada. Berdasarkan data kualitas pada bulan Januari sampai dengan Desember tahun 2014, kerusakan tersebut disebabkan oleh material NG (Tidak Bagus) akibat pengaruh gangguan pada heater. Dari data hasil pengukuran suhu ruang didalam mesin oven fuji pada suhu 80°C dan 100°C tidak memenuhi spesifikasi standard suhu pemanasan. Gangguan pada heater disebabkan oleh solid state relay yang outputnya tidak bisa mengaktifkan heater. Tujuan yang hendak dicapai dalam penelitian ini adalah dapat memperbaiki gangguan pada heater di mesin oven serta melakukan pergantian komponen utama pada sistem kontrol heater dan mengoptimalkan sistem kontrol pada heater mesin oven fuji produksi yang ada di PT. DMC Teknologi Indonesia, sehingga dapat meningkatkan kualitas produksi. Kata kunci: Solid state relay, motor induksi, termokontrol, termokopel dan sistem kontro

Colonic malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour in a cat

Case summary A 14-year-old male neutered domestic mediumhair cat presented with a 4 month history of inappetence and weight loss. Pertinent abnormalities on haematology and biochemistry included a mild microcytic regenerative anaemia (packed cell volume [PCV] 24% [reference interval (RI) 30–45%], mean cell volume 30.8 fl [RI 40–45 fl], absolute reticulocyte count 326.8 × 10 12 ) and increased alkaline phosphatase activity (76 IU/l; RI 300 s [RI 65–119 s]). Abdominal ultrasound identified multiple renal and hepatic nodules. Euthanasia was performed and post-mortem examination confirmed metastasis of the MPNST. Relevance and novel information This report describes the treatment of a metastatic colonic peripheral nerve sheath tumour in a cat. Feline visceral MPNSTs are rare and little is known about prognosis or optimal treatment

sj-pdf-1-vdi-10.1177_10406387221146247 – Supplemental material for Immunohistochemical analysis of expression of VEGFR2, KIT, PDGFR-β, and CDK4 in canine urothelial carcinoma

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-vdi-10.1177_10406387221146247 for Immunohistochemical analysis of expression of VEGFR2, KIT, PDGFR-β, and CDK4 in canine urothelial carcinoma by Laura C. Setyo, Shannon L. Donahoe, Patrick L. Shearer, Penghao Wang and Mark B. Krockenberger in Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation</p

Different Variants in Reverse Transcriptase Domain Determined by Ultra-deep Sequencing in Treatment-naive and Treated Indonesian Patients Infected with Hepatitis B Virus

A nucleos(t)ide analog (NA) is the common antiviral drug available for directly treating hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, its application has led to the emergence of NA-resistant mutations mostly in a conserved region of the reverse transcriptase domain of HBV polymerase. Harboring NA-resistant mutations decreases drug effectiveness and increases the frequency of end-stage liver disease. The invention of next-generation sequencing that can generate thousands of sequences from viral complex mixtures provides opportunities to detect minor changes and early viral evolution under drug stress. The present study used ultra-deep sequencing to evaluate discrepant quasispecies in the reverse transcriptase domain of HBV including NA-resistant hotspots between seven treatment-naive Indonesian patients infected with HBV and five at the early phase of treatment. The most common sub-genotype was HBV B3 (83.34%). The substitution rate of variants determined among amino acids with a ratio of ≥1% changes was higher among the population in conserved regions (23.19% vs. 4.59%, P = 0.001) and in the inter-reverse transcriptase domain (23.95% vs. 2.94%, P = 0.002) in treatment naïve, than in treated patients. Nine hotspots of antiviral resistance were identified in both groups, and the mean frequency of changes in all patients was < 1%. The known rtM204I mutation was the most frequent in both groups. The lower rate of variants in HBV quasispecies in patients undergoing treatment could be associated with virus elimination and the extinction of sensitive species by NA therapy. The present findings imply that HBV quasispecies dynamically change during treatment

Oropharyngeal Shedding of Gammaherpesvirus DNA by Cats, and Natural Infection of Salivary Epithelium

Felis catus gammaherpesvirus-1 (FcaGHV1), a novel candidate oncogenic virus, infects cats worldwide. Whether the oropharynx is a site of virus shedding and persistence, and whether oronasal carcinomas harbor FcaGHV1 nucleic acid were investigated. In a prospective molecular epidemiological study, FcaGHV1 DNA was detected by cPCR in oropharyngeal swabs from 26/155 (16.8%) of cats. Oropharyngeal shedding was less frequently detected in kittens &le;3 months of age (5/94, 5.3%) than in older animals; &gt;3 months to &le;1 year: 8/26, 30.8%, (p = 0.001, OR 7.91, 95% CI (2.320, 26.979)); &gt;1 year to &le;6 years: 10/20, 50%, (p &lt; 0.001, OR 17.8 95% CI (5.065, 62.557)); &gt;6 years: 3/15, 33% (p = 0.078). Provenance (shelter-owned/privately owned) was not associated with shedding. In situ hybridization (ISH) identified FcaGHV1-infected cells in salivary glandular epithelium but not in other oronasal tissues from two of three cats shedding viral DNA in the oropharynx. In a retrospective dataset of 11 oronasopharyngeal carcinomas, a single tumor tested positive for FcaGHV1 DNA by ISH, a papillary carcinoma, where scattered neoplastic cells showed discrete nuclear hybridization. These data support the oronasopharynx as a site of FcaGHV1 shedding, particularly after maternal antibodies are expected to decline. The salivary epithelium is identified as a potential site of FcaGHV1 persistence. No evidence supporting a role for FcaGHV1 in feline oronasal carcinomas was found in the examined tumours

A Deep-Sequencing Method Detects Drug-Resistant Mutations in the Hepatitis B Virus in Indonesians

Objective: The long-term administration of a nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B may encourage the emergence of viral mutations associated with drug resistance. Minor populations of viruses may exist before treatment, but are difficult to detect because of technological limitations. Identifying minor viral quasispecies should be useful in the clinical management of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Methods: Six treatment-naïve Indonesian patients with chronic HBV infection participated in this study. The polymerase region of the HBV genome, including regions with known drug-resistant mutations, was subjected to capillary sequencing and MiSeq sequencing (Illumina). Mutations were analyzed with Genomics Workbench software version 6.0.1 (CLC bio). Results: The mean mapping reads for the six samples was 745,654, and the mean number of amplified fragments ranged from 17,926 to 25,336 DNA reads. Several known drug-resistant mutations in the reverse transcriptase region were identified in all patients, although the frequencies were low (0.12-1.06%). The proportions of the total number of reads containing mutations I169L/M, S202R, M204I/L or N236S were >1.0%. Conclusion: Several known NA-resistant mutations were detected in treatment-naïve patients in Indonesia using deep sequencing. Careful management of such patients is essential to prevent drug-resistant mutations from spreading to other patients

Distinct Lineages of Feline Parvovirus Associated with Epizootic Outbreaks in Australia, New Zealand and the United Arab Emirates

Feline panleukopenia (FPL), a frequently fatal disease of cats, is caused by feline parvovirus (FPV) or canine parvovirus (CPV). We investigated simultaneous outbreaks of FPL between 2014 and 2018 in Australia, New Zealand and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) where FPL outbreaks had not been reported for several decades. Case data from 989 cats and clinical samples from additional 113 cats were obtained to determine the cause of the outbreaks and epidemiological factors involved. Most cats with FPL were shelter-housed, 9 to 10 weeks old at diagnosis, unvaccinated, had not completed a primary vaccination series or had received vaccinations noncompliant with current guidelines. Analysis of parvoviral VP2 sequence data confirmed that all FPL cases were caused by FPV and not CPV. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that each of these outbreaks was caused by a distinct FPV, with two virus lineages present in eastern Australia and virus movement between different geographical locations. Viruses from the UAE outbreak formed a lineage of unknown origin. FPV vaccine virus was detected in the New Zealand cases, highlighting the difficulty of distinguishing the co-incidental shedding of vaccine virus in vaccinated cats. Inadequate vaccination coverage in shelter-housed cats was a common factor in all outbreaks, likely precipitating the multiple re-emergence of infection events