Estudios sobre Agricultura y conocimiento tradicional en México

La agricultura es una de las actividades importantes para las comunidades rurales en México. Diversas situaciones impactan directamente a los campesinos y sus sistemas agrícolas. Por ejemplo, los productores con agricultura de temporal, son los menos favorecidos con determinadas políticas internacionales como el Tratado de Libre Comercio (TLC), cuyo potencial productivo se ha reducido a niveles de 1.2 por ciento. En las últimas dos décadas se ha dado fuerte impulso a los cultivos comerciales como hortalizas, frutas y flores ocasionando impactos a los productores rurales (Escalante et al. 2007 y 2008). Los campesinos en México se han enfrentado a diferentes situaciones complejas como los impactos de la modernización del sector agropecuario, los proyectos de desarrollo, la expansión de la industria y las áreas urbanas sobre las rurales y los procesos de mundialización de la economía (González 2007). Ante la situación que atraviesa el sector agrícola, es de vital importancia reconsiderar los sistemas agrícolas tradicionales que practican los campesinos. Los estudio sobre agricultura tradicional mexicana han demostrado la diversidad de sistemas que los campesinos han practicado durante cientos de años. Algunos estudios evidencian la historia del control del agua, la tecnología de riego, el manejo de las plantas, la intensificación del uso del suelo, las formas de organización sociopolítica, el mercado y los tipos de asentamientos humanos (Donkin 1979; Palerm 1980; Palerm y Wolf 1980; Doolittle 2004). Otros estudio más específicos se relacionan con el control de procesos erosivos del suelo, el manejo del suelo, la biodiversidad, el conocimiento ecológico tradicional, las estrategias y manejo de agua de riego y de humedales (González 1992; Maimone et al. 2006; Ocampo y Escobedo 2006; Miranda et al. 2009; Pérez 2014). Por consiguiente, el objetivo de este trabajo es presentar cinco estudios de caso que abordan el estudio de la agricultura y el conocimiento tradicional en México, indicando las diferentes temáticas en cuanto al uso y manejo de la agricultura, los suelos, las plantas y la fauna

Preclinical discovery of duloxetine for the treatment of depression

Introduction: Affective disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), are among the most severely disabling mental disorders, and in many cases areIntroduction: Affective disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), are among the most severely disabling mental disorders, and in many cases are associated with poor treatment outcomes. From the emergence of the monoamine hypothesis of depression, the first-line treatment for MDD had mainly acted by inhibiting monoamine reuptake, and thereby increasing these levels in the synaptic cleft. However, in recent years, several newantidepressant drugs have appeared, including duloxetine, a dual serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) reuptake inhibitor recommended for the treatment of MDD. Areas covered: The article reviews and discusses the biochemical and functional profile of duloxetine splitting the review into acute and long-term treatment with this dual monoamine reuptake inhibitor. In addition, the authors summarize available preclinical behavioral research data, which have demonstrated among other effects, the antidepressant-like activity of duloxetine in several animal models. The authors focus on the most recent literature on synaptic neuroplasticity modulation of this antidepressant drug. Finally, the authors briefly mention other approved indications of duloxetine. Expert opinion: Duloxetine inhibits 5-HT and NA reuptake, effectively desensitizes various autoreceptors and promotes neuroplasticity. Clinically, duloxetine is an effective antidepressant that is well tolerated and has significant efficacy in the treatment of MDD. associated with poor treatment outcomes. From the emergence of the monoamine hypothesis of depression, the first-line treatment for MDD had mainly acted by inhibiting monoamine reuptake, and thereby increasing these levels in the synaptic cleft. However, in recent years, several new antidepressant drugs have appeared, including duloxetine, a dual serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) reuptake inhibitor recommended for the treatment of MDD

ANÁLISIS DE LA MORTALIDAD A PARTIR DE LA PERSPECTIVA DE GÉNERO, 2018

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo principal analizar las diferencias en las causas de muerte de acuerdo con características sociodemográficas desde la perspectiva de género en México a partir de datos de las Estadísticas Vitales para el año 2018. Los objetivos específicos que se persiguen son describir la perspectiva de género en el fenómeno de la mortalidad; analizar el contexto de desigualdad de género en el que se encuentra México con enfoque en la mortalidad; conocer el contexto sociodemográfico por género de la población mexicana; analizar la mortalidad diferencial por causas a partir de variables sociodemográficas por género y presentar la esperanza de vida diferencial por sexo, causas de muerte y variables sociodemográficas. Se plantea como hipótesis de investigación que la mortalidad tiene un comportamiento diferencial por género, causas y características sociodemográficas en México. De modo que los factores que se relacionan con el género de los individuos y que influyen en él, tienen repercusiones en las tasas de mortalidad y la esperanza de vida de cada sexo lo que evidencia la desigualdad de género en este ámbito. Se espera que las mujeres tengan una esperanza de vida menor y/o tasa de mortalidad mayor respecto a los hombres cuando exista un factor de desigualdad de género

La banca y la sustentabilidad: Una aproximación teórica (Banking and sustainability: A theoretical approach)

Abstract. The aim of this paper is to present the main theoretical positions in relation with the responsibilities of the financial institutions, regarding the environmental sustainability, as well as the key trends and international recommendations in this matter; with the purpose to answer the research question: Which is the theoretical framework that support the better practices of the banking institutions in the management of their environmental responsibilities? On the basis that these institutions have specific social impacts, related to the effects of the banking products and services in the economical, social and environmental fields, which exceed the typical activities of the financial institutions. For this reason, different initiatives have been proposed in order to encourage that the banking activities fulfill requirements of sustainability, emphasizing that in this sense, the voluntary initiatives have been more relevant than the mandatory regulations. Resumen. El objetivo de este trabajo es exponer las principales posturas teóricas acerca de la responsabilidad de las instituciones bancarias en cuanto a la sustentabilidad del medio ambiente, así como las tendencias predominantes y recomendaciones internacionales sobre este aspecto; buscando contestar a la pregunta: ¿Cuál es el marco teórico que sustenta las mejores prácticas de la banca en cuanto al manejo de sus responsabilidades ambientales? Partiendo de que estas instituciones tienen impactos sociales muy particulares, que se refieren al efecto de los productos y servicios bancarios en los ámbitos económicos, sociales y ambientales que sobrepasan las actividades propias de las instituciones financieras. Por esta razón, se han propuesto distintas iniciativas para propiciar que las actividades bancarias se apeguen a criterios de sustentabilidad, destacando que en este sentido han cobrado mayor relevancia las iniciativas voluntarias que la regulación gubernamental

Aplicación del modelo desarrollista como aporte en el proceso de aprendizaje de los niños del grado transición 4 del Colegio de Educación técnica y académica Celestin Freinet

Análisis del aporte que brinda la aplicación del modelo pedagógico desarrollista en el proceso de aprendizaje de los niños teniendo en cuenta las teorías de los autores Jean Piaget y John Dewey y la relación de estas teorías con el concepto de enseñanza-aprendizaje de los niños, de igual manera se considera indispensable para este análisis la aplicación de instrumentos de recolección de datos como entrevistas, escalas Likert, diarios de campo y rejilla de observación importantes para la realización de este proyecto de investigación con fines pedagógicos

Aplicación del modelo desarrollista como aporte en el proceso de aprendizaje de los niños del grado transición 4 del Colegio de Educación técnica y académica Celestin Freinet

Análisis del aporte que brinda la aplicación del modelo pedagógico desarrollista en el proceso de aprendizaje de los niños teniendo en cuenta las teorías de los autores Jean Piaget y John Dewey y la relación de estas teorías con el concepto de enseñanza-aprendizaje de los niños, de igual manera se considera indispensable para este análisis la aplicación de instrumentos de recolección de datos como entrevistas, escalas Likert, diarios de campo y rejilla de observación importantes para la realización de este proyecto de investigación con fines pedagógicos

Lithium, as a neuroprotective therapy for Alzheimer’s disease pathology, modifies abeta plaque toxicity

BACKGROUND: Despite the relatively large information about the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology, no effective disease-modifying treatment has been yet developed. Lithium, a primary drug to treat bipolar disorder, has been suggested as a potential treatment against AD. In this work we have evaluated whether lithium treatment could ameliorate the neuropathology progression of the transgenic PS1M146L/APPSwe-London mice. Unlike most transgenic animal models, which do not exhibit the neurodegenerative spectrum of disease observed in the patient population, this AD model exhibits a prominent amyloid pathology along with a selective and significant neuronal loss in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Therefore, this model is highly valuable for evaluating the effectiveness of potential neuroprotective therapies for AD. METHODS: For lithium treatment, PS1/APP mice (3 month old at the beginning of treatment) were fed, ad libitum, with diet supplemented with lithium carbonate (1.2g/kg, Harlan, Spain). The treatment lasts 6 months. After behavioural studies, mice were anesthetized and brains dissected out (hippocampus and cortex). Hemibrains were processed for immunohistochemistry, stereological and image analysis quantification, and the other hemibrains for RT-PCR and Western blot studies. RESULTS: Our data demonstrate that chronic oral administration of lithium, before the pathology onset, resulted in less toxic plaque formation that significantly ameliorated the degenerative processes and behavioural/memory deficits occurring during disease progression in our PS1/APP model. Specifically, and of great relevance for AD prevention, early lithium intervention was able to arrest neuronal loss in hippocampus and entorhinal cortex of highly vulnerable populations. Besides, lithium reduced the axonal dystrophic pathology, associated to amyloid plaques, by increasing the Abeta compaction. Moreover, a significant lower accumulation of phospho-tau, LC3-II and ubiquitinated proteins was detected. Our study highlights that the switch of plaque quality by lithium could be mediated by astrocyte activation and the release of heat shock proteins, which concentrated in the core of the plaques.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

WHEN WILL TAXONOMIC SATURATION BE ACHIEVED? A CASE STUDY IN NUNDUVA AND KYRTUTHRIX (RIVULARIACEAE, CYANOBACTERIA)1

A number of heterocytous, mat-forming, tapering cyanobacteria in Rivulariaceae have recently been observed in both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts in the rocky intertidal and supratidal zones. These belong to the genera Nunduva, Kyrtuthrix, and Phyllonema and have been the subject of several recent studies. Herein, two new species of Nunduva (N. komarkovae and N. sanagustinensis) and two new species of Kyrtuthrix (K. munecosensis and K. totonaca) are characterized and described from the coasts of Mexico. Genetic separation based on the 16S-23S ITS region was pronounced (\u3e10% in all comparisons). Morphological differences between all existing species in these two genera were also observed, but the group is morphologically complex, and these taxa are considered pseudocryptic. Nunduva and Kyrtuthrix remain morphologically and phylogenetically separate even with the addition of new species. However, how long will this remain the case? Many new genera and species of cyanobacteria have recently been described. Will the taxonomy of cyanobacteria eventually become saturated? Will we start to see multiple populations for the same cryptic species, or will future taxonomists collapse multiple species into fewer species, or multiple genera into single genera. The description of even more Nunduva and Kyrtuthrix species causes us to pause and evaluate the future of cyanobacterial taxonomy. These same questions are faced by algal taxonomists studying other phyla, and the resolution may ultimately be similar

Efecto de la adición de grenetina en las propiedades reológicas y de textura de un panqué reducido en margarina

To increase the concentration of gelatin in a formulation for pound cake reduced in margarine and partially replaced by canola oil, there is a proportional increase in specific gravity, apparent viscosity and viscoelastic modules, decreasing the size and number of bubbles formed in the batter. In pound cake, there is a proportional decrease in volume and uniformity of the crumb and increase in the firmness, however, the addition of 1.25% of gelatin was the most accepted sensory formulation due to perceived a crumb more consistent and wet, so, the functionality of the gelatin as hydrocolloid, is limited to the final texture of the pound cake, concluding that it may be an alternative to improve the acceptability of a pound cake reduced in margarine, which is also of lower cost.The use of different hydrocolloids in the partial substitution of margarine by vegetable oils, are evaluated to achieve products with characteristics similar to the traditional product. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of different concentrations of gelatin (0%, 0.75%, 1.25%, and 2.0%) in pound cake formulation reduced in margarine and partially replaced with canola oil. It was determined specific gravity (SG), apparent viscosity, modules of viscoelasticity (G' and G") and number and size of air bubbles in the batter. In the pound cake was determined texture (TPA and sensory evaluation), crumb structure and moisture. By increasing the concentration of gelatin, it was observed a proportional increase of SG, apparent viscosity and elastic and viscous modules, predominating the viscous module with respect to elastic module, and a decrease in the number and size of air bubbles in the batter. In the pound cake, there was a proportional decrease in the volume and uniformity of the crumb, with respect to the size and number of cavities formed, however, sensorially, the most accepted formulation was the addition of 1.25% of gelatin because it perceives a more consistent and moist crumb, therefore, adding gelatin can be an alternative to improve the acceptability of a reduced pancake in margarine, which It's also less expensive.CONACy

Involvement of different aβ-associated myeloid populations in the human alzheimer’s brain

Parenchymal microglia, the brain-resident immune cells, have been postulated as a critical factor in Alzheimer´s disease (AD) since the identification of genetic risk factors related to their functions. Though the role of microglia in the AD progression/development is still unknown, a dysfunctional response has recently gained support. However, the different phenotypes and the implication of others myeloid cells in the human pathology have not been determined yet. In this work, we analyzed the phenotypic profile displayed by damage-associated myeloid cells in two AD vulnerable brain regions, the frontal cortex and hippocampus. For this purpose, immunohistochemistry and image analysis approaches have been carried out in postmortem brain samples from patients with AD (Braak VVI stage) and aged controls without neurological symptoms (Braak 0-II stage). Damage-associated microglial cells were clustered around amyloid plaques and expressed Iba1, CD32,TMEM119, CD68,Trem2 and CD45high. A subset of these cells also expressed ferritin and Gal-3. However, and even though some Braak II individuals accumulated reactive CD45 and CD68-positive plaques, only AD patients exhibited parenchymal infiltration of CD163-positive monocyte-derived cells that invaded plaque near blood vessels. While the frontal cortex showed strong microglial activation similar to that reported in amyloidogenic mice, the hippocampus of the same patients showed an attenuated microglial activation with a degenerative phenotype. These results reveal the co-existence of distinct myeloid populations associated with amyloid plaques during disease progression, as well their region-specific contribution to neuroimmune protection. These findings open the opportunity to design targeted therapies, not only to microglia, but also to the population of macrophages to modulate amyloid pathology and provide a better understanding of the immunological mechanisms underlying AD progression.Supported by ISCiii grants (PI21-0915 (AG), PI21-00914 (JV)); FEDER funds from European Union, by Junta de Andalucia grants (P18-RT-2233 (AG), US-1262734 (JV)); Programa Operativo FEDER 2014-2020, and by grant PPIT.UMA.B1-2019-07 (ESM). Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech