Morphological Classification of Galaxies by Shapelet Decomposition in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey II: Multiwavelength Classification

We describe the application of the `shapelet' linear decomposition of galaxy images to multi-wavelength morphological classification using the $u,g,r,i,$ and $z$-band images of 1519 galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We utilize elliptical shapelets to remove to first-order the effect of inclination on morphology. After decomposing the galaxies we perform a principal component analysis on the shapelet coefficients to reduce the dimensionality of the spectral morphological parameter space. We give a description of each of the first ten principal component's contribution to a galaxy's spectral morphology. We find that galaxies of different broad Hubble type separate cleanly in the principal component space. We apply a mixture of Gaussians model to the 2-dimensional space spanned by the first two principal components and use the results as a basis for classification. Using the mixture model, we separate galaxies into three classes and give a description of each class's physical and morphological properties. We find that the two dominant mixture model classes correspond to early and late type galaxies, respectively. The third class has, on average, a blue, extended core surrounded by a faint red halo, and typically exhibits some asymmetry. We compare our method to a simple cut on $u-r$ color and find the shapelet method to be superior in separating galaxies. Furthermore, we find evidence that the $u-r=2.22$ decision boundary may not be optimal for separation between early and late type galaxies, and suggest that the optimal cut may be $u-r \sim 2.4$.Comment: 42 pages, 18 figs, revised version in press at AJ. Some modification to the technique, more discussion, addition/deletion/modification of several figures, color figures have been added. A high resolution version may be obtained at http://bllac.as.arizona.edu/~bkelly/shapelets/shapelets_ugriz.ps.g

UV emission and Star Formation in Stephan's Quintet

we present the first GALEX UV images of the well known interacting group of galaxies, Stephan's Quintet (SQ). We detect widespread UV emission throughout the group. However, there is no consistent coincidence between UV structure and emission in the optical, H\alpha, or HI. Excluding the foreground galaxy NGC7320 (Sd), most of the UV emission is found in regions associated with the two spiral members of the group, NGC7319 and NGC7318b, and the intragroup medium starburst SQ-A. The extinction corrected UV data are analyzed to investigate the overall star formation activity in SQ. It is found that the total star formation rate (SFR) of SQ is 6.69+-0.65 M_\sun/yr. Among this, 1.34+-0.16 M_sun/yr is due to SQ-A. This is in excellent agreement with that derived from extinction corrected H\alpha luminosity of SQ-A. The SFR in regions related to NGC 7319 is 1.98+-0.58 M_\sun/yr, most of which(68%) is contributed by the disk. The contribution from the 'young tail' is only 15%. In the UV, the 'young tail' is more extended (~100 kpc) and shows a loop-like structure, including the optical tail, the extragalactic HII regions recently discovered in H\alpha, and other UV emission regions discovered for the first time. The UV and optical colors of the 'old tail' are consistent with a single stellar population of age t ~10^{8.5+-0.4} yrs. The UV emission associated with NGC 7318b is found in a very large (~80 kpc) disk, with a net SFR of 3.37+-0.25 M_sun/yr. Several large UV emission regions are 30 -- 40 kpc away from the nucleus of NGC7318b. Although both NGC7319 and NGC7318b show peculiar UV morphology, their SFR is consistent with that of normal Sbc galaxies, indicating that the strength of star formation activity is not enhenced by interactions.Comment: This paper will be published as part of the Galaxy Evolution Explorer(GALEX) Astrophysical Journal Letters Special Issue. Links to the full set of papers will be available at http:/www.galex.caltech.edu/PUBLICATIONS/ after November 22, 200

The Vimos VLT Deep Survey: Compact structures in the CDFS

We have used the Vimos VLT Deep Survey in combination with other spectroscopic, photometric and X-ray surveys from literature to detect several galaxy structures in the Chandra Deep Field South (CDFS). Both a friend-of-friend based algorithm applied to the spectroscopic redshift catalog and an adaptative kernel galaxy density and colour maps correlated with photometric redshift estimates have been used. We mainly detect a chain-like structure at z=0.66 and two massive groups at z=0.735 and 1.098 showing signs of ongoing collapse. We also detect two galaxy walls at z=0.66 and at z=0.735 (extremely compact in redshift space). The first one contains the chain-like structure and the last one contains in its center one of the two massive groups. Finally, other galaxy structures that are probably loose low mass groups are detected. We compare the group galaxy population with simulations in order to assess the richness of these structures and we study their galaxy morphological contents. The higher redshift structures appear to probably have lower velocity dispersion than the nearby ones. The number of moderatly massive structures we detect is consistent with what is expected for an LCDM model, but a larger sample is required to put significant cosmological constraints.Comment: 15 pages, 17 figures, accepted in A&

Ultraviolet-to-Far Infrared Properties of Lyman Break Galaxies and Luminous Infrared Galaxies at z ~ 1

We present the first large, unbiased sample of Lyman Break Galaxies (LBGs) at z ~ 1. Far ultraviolet-dropout (1530 A) galaxies in the Chandra Deep Field South have been selected using GALEX data. This first large sample in the z ~ 1 universe provides us with a high quality reference sample of LBGs. We analyzed the sample from the UV to the IR using GALEX, SPITZER, ESO and HST data. The morphology (obtained from GOODS data) of 75 % of our LBGs is consistent with a disk. The vast majority of LBGs with an IR detection are also Luminous Infrared Galaxies (LIRGs). As a class, the galaxies not detected at 24 microns are an order of magnitude fainter relative to the UV compared with those detected individually, suggesting that there may be two types of behavior within the sample. For the IR-bright galaxies, there is an apparent upper limit for the UV dust attenuation and this upper limit is anti-correlated with the observed UV luminosity. Previous estimates of dust attenuations based on the ultraviolet slope are compared to new ones based on the FIR/UV ratio (for LBGs detected at 24 microns), which is usually a more reliable estimator. Depending on the calibration we use to estimate the total IR luminosity, beta-based attenuations A_{FUV} are larger by 0.2 to 0.6 mag. than the ones estimated from FIR/UV ratio. Finally, for IR-bright LBGs, median estimated beta-based SFRs are 2-3 times larger than the total SFRs estimated as SFR_{TOT} = SFR_{UV} + SFR_{IR} while IR-based SFRs provide values below SFR_{TOT} by 15 - 20 %. We use a stacking method to statistically constrain the 24 microns flux of LBGs non individually detected. The results suggest that these LBGs do not contain large amounts of dust.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysic

Characterization of Membrane Potential Dependency of Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uptake by an Improved Biophysical Model of Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uniporter

Mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter is the primary influx pathway for Ca2+ into respiring mitochondria, and hence plays a key role in mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis. Though the mechanism of extra-matrix Ca2+ dependency of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake has been well characterized both experimentally and mathematically, the mechanism of membrane potential (ΔΨ) dependency of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake has not been completely characterized. In this paper, we perform a quantitative reevaluation of a previous biophysical model of mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter that characterized the possible mechanism of ΔΨ dependency of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. Based on a model simulation analysis, we show that model predictions with a variant assumption (Case 2: external and internal Ca2+ binding constants for the uniporter are distinct), that provides the best possible description of the ΔΨ dependency, are highly sensitive to variation in matrix [Ca2+], indicating limitations in the variant assumption (Case 2) in providing physiologically plausible description of the observed ΔΨ dependency. This sensitivity is attributed to negative estimate of a biophysical parameter that characterizes binding of internal Ca2+ to the uniporter. Reparameterization of the model with additional nonnengativity constraints on the biophysical parameters showed that the two variant assumptions (Case 1 and Case 2) are indistinguishable, indicating that the external and internal Ca2+ binding constants for the uniporter may be equal (Case 1). The model predictions in this case are insensitive to variation in matrix [Ca2+] but do not match the ΔΨ dependent data in the domain ΔΨ≤120 mV. To effectively characterize this ΔΨ dependency, we reformulate the ΔΨ dependencies of the rate constants of Ca2+ translocation via the uniporter by exclusively redefining the biophysical parameters associated with the free-energy barrier of Ca2+ translocation based on a generalized, non-linear Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz formulation. This alternate uniporter model has all the characteristics of the previous uniporter model and is also able to characterize the possible mechanisms of both the extra-matrix Ca2+ and ΔΨ dependencies of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. In addition, the model is insensitive to variation in matrix [Ca2+], predicting relatively stable physiological operation. The model is critical in developing mechanistic, integrated models of mitochondrial bioenergetics and Ca2+ handling

Phase separating binary fluids under oscillatory shear

We apply lattice Boltzmann methods to study the segregation of binary fluid mixtures under oscillatory shear flow in two dimensions. The algorithm allows to simulate systems whose dynamics is described by the Navier-Stokes and the convection-diffusion equations. The interplay between several time scales produces a rich and complex phenomenology. We investigate the effects of different oscillation frequencies and viscosities on the morphology of the phase separating domains. We find that at high frequencies the evolution is almost isotropic with growth exponents 2/3 and 1/3 in the inertial (low viscosity) and diffusive (high viscosity) regimes, respectively. When the period of the applied shear flow becomes of the same order of the relaxation time $T_R$ of the shear velocity profile, anisotropic effects are clearly observable. In correspondence with non-linear patterns for the velocity profiles, we find configurations where lamellar order close to the walls coexists with isotropic domains in the middle of the system. For particular values of frequency and viscosity it can also happen that the convective effects induced by the oscillations cause an interruption or a slowing of the segregation process, as found in some experiments. Finally, at very low frequencies, the morphology of domains is characterized by lamellar order everywhere in the system resembling what happens in the case with steady shear.Comment: 1 table and 12 figures in .gif forma

Galaxy luminosity function per morphological type up to z=1.2

We have computed the evolution of the rest-frame B-band luminosity function (LF) for bulge and disk-dominated galaxies since z=1.2. We use a sample of 605 spectroscopic redshifts with I_{AB}<24 in the Chandra Deep Field South from the VIMOS-VLT Deep Survey, 3555 galaxies with photometric redshifts from the COMBO-17 multi-color data, coupled with multi-color HST/ACS images from the Great Observatories Origin Deep Survey. We split the sample in bulge- and disk-dominated populations on the basis of asymmetry and concentration parameters measured in the rest-frame B-band. We find that at z=0.4-0.8, the LF slope is significantly steeper for the disk-dominated population (\alpha=-1.19 \pm 0.07) compared to the bulge-dominated population (\alpha=-0.53 \pm 0.13). The LF of the bulge-dominated population is composed of two distinct populations separated in rest-frame color: 68% of red (B-I)_{AB}>0.9 and bright galaxies showing a strongly decreasing LF slope \alpha=+0.55 \pm 0.21, and 32% of blue (B-I)_{AB}<0.9 and more compact galaxies which populate the LF faint-end. We observe that red bulge-dominated galaxies are already well in place at z~1, but the volume density of this population is increasing by a factor 2.7 between z~1 and z~0.6. It may be related to the building-up of massive elliptical galaxies in the hierarchical scenario. In addition, we observe that the blue bulge-dominated population is dimming by 0.7 magnitude between z~1 and z~0.6. Galaxies in this faint and more compact population could possibly be the progenitors of the local dwarf spheroidal galaxies.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysic

Active microrheology and simultaneous visualization of sheared phospholipid monolayers

Two-dimensional films of surface-active agents—from phospholipids and proteins to nanoparticles and colloids—stabilize fluid interfaces, which are essential to the science, technology and engineering of everyday life. The 2D nature of interfaces present unique challenges and opportunities: coupling between the 2D films and the bulk fluids complicates the measurement of surface dynamic properties, but allows the interfacial microstructure to be directly visualized during deformation. Here we present a novel technique that combines active microrheology with fluorescence microscopy to visualize fluid interfaces as they deform under applied stress, allowing structure and rheology to be correlated on the micron-scale in monolayer films. We show that even simple, single-component lipid monolayers can exhibit viscoelasticity, history dependence, a yield stress and hours-long time scales for elastic recoil and aging. Simultaneous visualization of the monolayer under stress shows that the rich dynamical response results from the cooperative dynamics and deformation of liquid-crystalline domains and their boundaries

UV Morphology and Star Formation in the Tidal Tails of NGC 4038/39

We present GALEX FUV (1530 A) and NUV (2310 A) observations of the archetypal merging system NGC 4038/39, ``The Antennae". Both tails are relatively bright in the UV, especially in the vicinity of the Tidal Dwarf Galaxy candidates at the end of the southern tail. The UV light generally falls within the optically delineated tails, although the UV light is considerably more structured, with a remarkably similar morphology to the tidal HI. The UV colors suggest that there has been continuing star formation within the tidal tails, even outside the previously studied Tidal Dwarf regions. Within the inner disk regions, there are interesting UV features which appear to be related to the extended soft X-ray loops and halo recently discovered by CHANDRA.Comment: Uses apjl.cls, emulateapj.sty. 4pgs, 2 figures, 1 table. This paper will be published as part of the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) Astrophysical Journal Letters Special Issue. Links to the full set of papers will be available at http:/www.galex.caltech.edu/PUBLICATIONS/ after November 22, 2004. Version with full resolution figures available at http://www.nrao.edu/~jhibbard/n4038/GALEX

Modeling CICR in rat ventricular myocytes: voltage clamp studies

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The past thirty-five years have seen an intense search for the molecular mechanisms underlying calcium-induced calcium-release (CICR) in cardiac myocytes, with voltage clamp (VC) studies being the leading tool employed. Several VC protocols including lowering of extracellular calcium to affect <it>Ca</it>²⁺loading of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), and administration of blockers caffeine and thapsigargin have been utilized to probe the phenomena surrounding SR <it>Ca</it>²⁺release. Here, we develop a deterministic mathematical model of a rat ventricular myocyte under VC conditions, to better understand mechanisms underlying the response of an isolated cell to calcium perturbation. Motivation for the study was to pinpoint key control variables influencing CICR and examine the role of CICR in the context of a physiological control system regulating cytosolic <it>Ca</it>²⁺concentration ([<it>Ca</it>²⁺]<it>_myo</it>).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The cell model consists of an electrical-equivalent model for the cell membrane and a fluid-compartment model describing the flux of ionic species between the extracellular and several intracellular compartments (cell cytosol, SR and the dyadic coupling unit (DCU), in which resides the mechanistic basis of CICR). The DCU is described as a controller-actuator mechanism, internally stabilized by negative feedback control of the unit's two diametrically-opposed <it>Ca</it>²⁺channels (trigger-channel and release-channel). It releases <it>Ca</it>²⁺flux into the cyto-plasm and is in turn enclosed within a negative feedback loop involving the SERCA pump, regulating[<it>Ca</it>²⁺]<it>_myo</it>.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Our model reproduces measured VC data published by several laboratories, and generates graded <it>Ca</it>²⁺release at high <it>Ca</it>²⁺gain in a homeostatically-controlled environment where [<it>Ca</it>²⁺]<it>_myo</it>is precisely regulated. We elucidate the importance of the DCU elements in this process, particularly the role of the ryanodine receptor in controlling SR <it>Ca</it>²⁺release, its activation by trigger <it>Ca</it>²⁺, and its refractory characteristics mediated by the luminal SR <it>Ca</it>²⁺sensor. Proper functioning of the DCU, sodium-calcium exchangers and SERCA pump are important in achieving negative feedback control and hence <it>Ca</it>²⁺homeostasis.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We examine the role of the above <it>Ca</it>²⁺regulating mechanisms in handling various types of induced disturbances in <it>Ca</it>²⁺levels by quantifying cellular <it>Ca</it>²⁺balance. Our model provides biophysically-based explanations of phenomena associated with CICR generating useful and testable hypotheses.</p