Pratiques d'élevage dans les exploitations bovines allaitantes conduites sur pâturage dans les Hauts de la Réunion

Dans les Hauts de la Réunion, l’élevage bovin constitue la principale activité agricole. L’élevage naisseur «professionnel» représente 8828 vaches mères pour 497 exploitations. Ce sont des exploitations de taille modeste (18 vaches mères en moyenne) dont les performances animales sont en-deçà de leurs homologues métropolitaines. L’objectif de l’étude est d’analyser les pratiques des éleveurs naisseurs et d’en faire le lien avec les performances obtenues afin d’identifier des voies d’amélioration potentielles. Pour cela, 10 éleveurs ont fait l’objet d’un suivi de 1999 à 2002, qui était fondé sur l’évaluation des performances des animaux et sur l’enregistrement des pratiques des éleveurs en particularisant l’allotement, la gestion du pâturage et la complémentation alimentaire. Cet article montre que les pratiques sont variées et conditionnées par des objectifs de production différents: stratégies de maximisation des performances ou du chargement, simplification de la conduite.Cattle farming is the main agricultural activity in the Highlands of the Reunion Island. "Professional" suckling farming represents 8828 cows for 497 farms. They are modest sized farms (18 cows on the average) whose animal performances are lower than their metropolitan counterparts. The aim of the study was to analyse the practices of the suckling farmers with the purpose of improving their management. We carried out herd monitoring on 10 farms from 1999 to 2002 within this framework. This monitoring was based on the measurement of animal performances and on the recording of the farmers' practices in terms of livestock and grazing management. This article presents the analysis carried out on 3 categories of practices: the allotment, grazing management and supplementation. There are various practices underlain by different socioeconomic objectives. Thus, strategies can be founded on the maximisation of the animal performances, the stocking rate or simplification of the management

On Poincare and logarithmic Sobolev inequalities for a class of singular Gibbs measures

This note, mostly expository, is devoted to Poincar{\'e} and log-Sobolev inequalities for a class of Boltzmann-Gibbs measures with singular interaction. Such measures allow to model one-dimensional particles with confinement and singular pair interaction. The functional inequalities come from convexity. We prove and characterize optimality in the case of quadratic confinement via a factorization of the measure. This optimality phenomenon holds for all beta Hermite ensembles including the Gaussian unitary ensemble, a famous exactly solvable model of random matrix theory. We further explore exact solvability by reviewing the relation to Dyson-Ornstein-Uhlenbeck diffusion dynamics admitting the Hermite-Lassalle orthogonal polynomials as a complete set of eigenfunctions. We also discuss the consequence of the log-Sobolev inequality in terms of concentration of measure for Lipschitz functions such as maxima and linear statistics.Comment: Minor improvements. To appear in Geometric Aspects of Functional Analysis -- Israel Seminar (GAFA) 2017-2019", Lecture Notes in Mathematics 225

An (inverse) Pieri formula for Macdonald polynomials of type C

We give an explicit Pieri formula for Macdonald polynomials attached to the root system C_n (with equal multiplicities). By inversion we obtain an explicit expansion for two-row Macdonald polynomials of type C.Comment: 31 pages, LaTeX, to appear in Transformation Group

Islands of linkage in an ocean of pervasive recombination reveals two-speed evolution of human cytomegalovirus genomes

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infects most of the population worldwide, persisting throughout the host's life in a latent state with periodic episodes of reactivation. While typically asymptomatic, HCMV can cause fatal disease among congenitally infected infants and immunocompromised patients. These clinical issues are compounded by the emergence of antiviral resistance and the absence of an effective vaccine, the development of which is likely complicated by the numerous immune evasins encoded by HCMV to counter the host's adaptive immune responses, a feature that facilitates frequent super-infections. Understanding the evolutionary dynamics of HCMV is essential for the development of effective new drugs and vaccines. By comparing viral genomes from uncultivated or low-passaged clinical samples of diverse origins, we observe evidence of frequent homologous recombination events, both recent and ancient, and no structure of HCMV genetic diversity at the whole-genome scale. Analysis of individual gene-scale loci reveals a striking dichotomy: while most of the genome is highly conserved, recombines essentially freely and has evolved under purifying selection, 21 genes display extreme diversity, structured into distinct genotypes that do not recombine with each other. Most of these hyper-variable genes encode glycoproteins involved in cell entry or escape of host immunity. Evidence that half of them have diverged through episodes of intense positive selection suggests that rapid evolution of hyper-variable loci is likely driven by interactions with host immunity. It appears that this process is enabled by recombination unlinking hyper-variable loci from strongly constrained neighboring sites. It is conceivable that viral mechanisms facilitating super-infection have evolved to promote recombination between diverged genotypes, allowing the virus to continuously diversify at key loci to escape immune detection, while maintaining a genome optimally adapted to its asymptomatic infectious lifecycle

A new multivariable 6-psi-6 summation formula

By multidimensional matrix inversion, combined with an A_r extension of Jackson's 8-phi-7 summation formula by Milne, a new multivariable 8-phi-7 summation is derived. By a polynomial argument this 8-phi-7 summation is transformed to another multivariable 8-phi-7 summation which, by taking a suitable limit, is reduced to a new multivariable extension of the nonterminating 6-phi-5 summation. The latter is then extended, by analytic continuation, to a new multivariable extension of Bailey's very-well-poised 6-psi-6 summation formula.Comment: 16 page

Isometry theorem for the Segal-Bargmann transform on noncompact symmetric spaces of the complex type

We consider the Segal-Bargmann transform for a noncompact symmetric space of the complex type. We establish isometry and surjectivity theorems for the transform, in a form as parallel as possible to the results in the compact case. The isometry theorem involves integration over a tube of radius R in the complexification, followed by analytic continuation with respect to R. A cancellation of singularities allows the relevant integral to have a nonsingular extension to large R, even though the function being integrated has singularities.Comment: Final version. To appear in Journal of Functional Analysis. Minor revision

Explicit solution of the quantum three-body Calogero-Sutherland model

Quantum integrable systems generalizing Calogero-Sutherland systems were introduced by Olshanetsky and Perelomov (1977). Recently, it was proved that for systems with trigonometric potential, the series in the product of two wave functions is a deformation of the Clebsch-Gordan series. This yields recursion relations for the wave functions of those systems. In this note, this approach is used to compute the explicit expressions for the three-body Calogero-Sutherland wave functions, which are the Jack polynomials. We conjecture that similar results are also valid for the more general two-parameters deformation introduced by Macdonald.Comment: 10 page