864 research outputs found
What would Jaws do? The tyranny of film and the relationship between gaze and higher-level narrative film comprehension
What is the relationship between film viewersâ eye movements and their film comprehension? Typical Hollywood movies induce strong attentional synchronyâmost viewers look at the same things at the same time. Thus, we asked whether film viewersâ eye movements would differ based on their understandingâthe mental model hypothesisâor whether any such differences would be overwhelmed by viewersâ attentional synchronyâthe tyranny of film hypothesis. To investigate this question, we manipulated the presence/absence of prior film context and measured resulting differences in film comprehension and eye movements. Viewers watched a 12-second James Bond movie clip, ending just as a critical predictive inference should be drawn that Bondâs nemesis, âJaws,â would fall from the sky onto a circus tent. The No-context condition saw only the 12-second clip, but the Context condition also saw the preceding 2.5 minutes of the movie before seeing the critical 12-second portion. Importantly, the Context condition viewers were more likely to draw the critical inference and were more likely to perceive coherence across the entire 6 shot sequence (as shown by event segmentation), indicating greater comprehension. Viewersâ eye movements showed strong attentional synchrony in both conditions as compared to a chance level baseline, but smaller differences between conditions. Specifically, the Context condition viewers showed slightly, but significantly, greater attentional synchrony and lower cognitive load (as shown by fixation probability) during the critical first circus tent shot. Thus, overall, the results were more consistent with the tyranny of film hypothesis than the mental model hypothesis. These results suggest the need for a theory that encompasses processes from the perception to the comprehension of film
Securing Tenure Rights for Forest-Dependent Communities: A global comparative study of design and implementation of tenure reform
Introduction of Routine Zinc Therapy for Children with Diarrhoea: Evaluation of Safety
On 8 May 2004, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) recommended routine administration of zinc in the management of children, aged less than five years, with acute diarrhoea. In making the recommendation, WHO and UNICEF also suggested careful monitoring for adverse events associated with routine administration of zinc, particularly unusual or excess vomiting. The study assessed, in a phase IV trial, i.e. post-marketing surveillance of zinc, the occurrence of adverse events during the first hour after the administration of the first dose of zinc in children with acute or persistent diarrhoea. The study was conducted at the Dhaka Hospital of ICDDR,B and at an outpatient clinic operated by a local health NGOâProgoti Samaj Kallyan Protisthan (PSKP), Dhaka, Bangladesh. Eligible children, aged 3-59 months, were treated with 20 mg of zinc sulphate provided in a dispersible tablet formulation. The children were observed for 60 minutes following the initial treatment with zinc for adverse events, with particular attention given to vomiting or regurgitation. During the one-year observation period, 42,440 children (male 57% and female 43%) received zinc, and 20,246 (47.8%) of them were observed. Regurgitation and/or vomiting occurred in 4,392 (21.8%) of the children; 90.8% of these children had vomiting only once, 8.7% twice, and 0.5% more than twice. No children revisited the hospital for recurrent vomiting following their discharge. A significant proportion of infants and children may experience vomiting or regurgitation, usually once, following the administration of the first dose of zinc. This is a transient phenomenon that did not impact on continuation of treatment with zinc
The Abundance of New Kind of Dark Matter Structures
A new kind of dark matter structures, ultracompact minihalos (UCMHs) was
proposed recently. They would be formed during the radiation dominated epoch if
the large density perturbations are existent. Moreover, if the dark matter is
made up of weakly interacting massive particles, the UCMHs can have effect on
cosmological evolution because of the high density and dark matter annihilation
within them. In this paper, one new parameter is introduced to consider the
contributions of UCMHs due to the dark matter annihilation to the evolution of
cosmology, and we use the current and future CMB observations to obtain the
constraint on the new parameter and then the abundance of UCMHs. The final
results are applicable for a wider range of dark matter parametersComment: 4 pages, 1 tabl
Semiclassical relations and IR effects in de Sitter and slow-roll space-times
We calculate IR divergent graviton one-loop corrections to scalar correlators
in de Sitter space, and show that the leading IR contribution may be reproduced
via simple semiclassical consistency relations. One can likewise use such
semiclassical relations to calculate leading IR corrections to correlators in
slow-roll inflation. The regulated corrections shift the tensor/scalar ratio
and consistency relation of single field inflation, and non-gaussianity
parameters averaged over very large distances. For inflation of sufficient
duration, for example arising from a chaotic inflationary scenario, these
corrections become of order unity. First-order corrections of this size
indicate a breakdown of the perturbative expansion, and suggest the need for a
non-perturbative description of the corresponding regime. This is analogous to
a situation argued to arise in black hole evolution, and to interfere with a
sharp perturbative calculation of "missing information" in Hawking radiation.Comment: 32 pages, 2 figures; v2: running of spectral index included and other
minor changes; v3: minor changes to agree with published versio
Le FORUM, Vol. 32 Nos. 1 & 2
https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/francoamericain_forum/1020/thumbnail.jp
Epistemic and social scripts in computer-supported collaborative learning
Collaborative learning in computer-supported learning environments typically means that learners work on tasks together, discussing their individual perspectives via text-based media or videoconferencing, and consequently acquire knowledge. Collaborative learning, however, is often sub-optimal with respect to how learners work on the concepts that are supposed to be learned and how learners interact with each other. One possibility to improve collaborative learning environments is to conceptualize epistemic scripts, which specify how learners work on a given task, and social scripts, which structure how learners interact with each other. In this contribution, two studies will be reported that investigated the effects of epistemic and social scripts in a text-based computer-supported learning environment and in a videoconferencing learning environment in order to foster the individual acquisition of knowledge. In each study the factors âepistemic scriptâ and âsocial scriptâ have been independently varied in a 2Ă2-factorial design. 182 university students of Educational Science participated in these two studies. Results of both studies show that social scripts can be substantially beneficial with respect to the individual acquisition of knowledge, whereas epistemic scripts apparently do not to lead to the expected effects
Womenâs tenure security on collective lands: A conceptual framework
Within discussions of land and resource rights, there is growing attention to womenâs rights, mostly in terms of household and individual rights to private property. This leaves unanswered questions about whether and how womenâs land rights can be secured under collective tenure, upon which billions of people worldwide depend. There is an important gap in conceptual tools, empirical understanding, and policy recommendations on womenâs land rights within collective tenure. To address this gap and lay the foundations for a sound body of empirical studies and appropriate policies, we develop a conceptual framework to improve our understanding of womenâs land rights under collective tenure. We begin by discussing what secure tenure for women on collective lands would entail. We then present the conceptual framework for what factors would affect womenâs tenure security, building on a framework for land tenure security that focuses on individual and household tenure. We give attention to particularities of rangelands, forests, and other types of lands as well as commonalities across types of collective lands. A key theme that emerges is that for women to have secure tenure under collective tenure, two dimensions must be in place. First, the collective (group) itself must have tenure security. Second, women must have secure rights within this collective. The latter requires us to consider the governance structures, how men and women access and control land, and the extent to which women have voice and power within the collective. More consistent analyses of collective tenure systems using the framework presented in this paper can help to identify which action resources are important for groups to secure rights to collective lands, and for women to advocate for their rights within the group
Thermodynamics and collapse of self-gravitating Brownian particles in D dimensions
We address the thermodynamics (equilibrium density profiles, phase diagram,
instability analysis...) and the collapse of a self-gravitating gas of Brownian
particles in D dimensions, in both canonical and microcanonical ensembles. In
the canonical ensemble, we derive the analytic form of the density scaling
profile which decays as f(x)=x^{-\alpha}, with alpha=2. In the microcanonical
ensemble, we show that f decays as f(x)=x^{-\alpha_{max}}, where \alpha_{max}
is a non-trivial exponent. We derive exact expansions for alpha_{max} and f in
the limit of large D. Finally, we solve the problem in D=2, which displays
rather rich and peculiar features
- âŠ