Über Gewalt und Misshandlung von älteren Frauen im sozialen Nahraum, ihre Verbreitung und Muster

Ausgehend von konzeptuellen Überlegungen geht der Beitrag Fragen der Verbreitung und Muster von Gewalt und Misshandlung im sozialen Nahraum an älteren Frauen nach. Es wird von den Ergebnissen einer Repräsentativumfrage aus dem Jahr 2010 berichtet, als insgesamt 2.880 zuhause lebende ältere Frauen (60+) in fünf europäischen Ländern zu Gewaltwahrnehmung und -erleben innerhalb der vergangenen zwölf Monate interviewt wurden. Drei von zehn älteren Frauen (30,1 Prozent) waren von Nahraumgewalt in unterschiedlicher Form und Ausmaß betroffen, die mit Konsequenzen im Handeln und Erleben verbunden war. Gewalt an und Misshandlung von älteren Frauen hat viele Gesichter und tritt in subtilen Gestalten auf. Weil die häusliche Gewalt von individuellen, sozialen und kulturellen (Risiko-) Faktoren (mit-) determiniert wird, sind bei Präventionsmaßnahmen unbedingt auch die gesellschaftlichen Strukturen, in denen die Gewalt eingebettet ist, sowie die kulturellen Praktiken, an die sie rückgebunden ist, zu berücksichtigen. (Autorenreferat)Based on conceptual considerations, this article deals with the prevalence and patterns of domestic violence and abuse against older women. Results of a representative survey from 2010 will be reported, where a total number of 2,880 home-dwelling older women (60+) from five European countries were interviewed about their perception and experiences of violence and abuse within the past 12 months. 3 out of 10 of the older women (30.1 percent) were affected by incidents of domestic violence and abuse, differing in form and extent, but also with consequences for their actions and feelings. Violence and abuse against older women has many faces and occurs in subtle forms. Because the problem is (co-) determined by individual, social and cultural (risk-) factors, -preventative measures must take into account the societal structures, in which violence and abuse are embedded, as well as the cultural practices, to which they are linked back. (author's abstract

Patientenverfügungen in Deutschland: empirische Evidenz für die Jahre 2005 bis 2007

Informationen zur Verbreitung von Patientenverfügungen in der Gesamtbevölkerung beruhen in Deutschland meist auf nicht-repräsentativen kleinen klinischen Stichproben und anekdotischer Evidenz. Aus wissenschaftlicher Sicht sind repräsentative Untersuchungen bedeutsam, die es neben der Deskription erlauben die Bedingungen zu untersuchen, unter denen Menschen, noch ehe sie persönlich betroffen sind, also im präklinischen Kontext, bereit sind - oder aber für sich selbst ablehnen - eine Patientenverfügung zu hinterlegen. In vier Erhebungen ergeben sich ähnliche Größenordnungen von rund 10 % (Bereich: 7-14%) der Erwachsenen, die eine Patientenverfügung hinterlegt haben. Die aktuellste Erhebung ist eine Sondererhebung der Längsschnittstudie "Sozio-oekonomisches Panel" (SOEP) bei 1000 Erwachsenen im Jahr 2007. Danach hat nur jeder zehnte Erwachsene eine Patientenverfügung erstellt. Kompatibel damit ist der Anteil von 7 %, der in dieser Erhebung für nahe stehende Verstorbene angegeben wird. In einer SOEP Sondererhebung im Sommer 2006 gaben etwa 11 % von 400 Befragten an, eine Patientenverfügung erstellt zu haben. In einer Umfrage der Infratest-Finanzforschung im Auftrag der Deutschen Hospizstiftung gaben dies Ende 2005 14 % an. Wir erläutern, warum dieser Wert vermutlich eine Überschätzung darstellt. Weitere Analysen zeigen die sozialen, biografischen und bildungsbezogenen Bedingungen, die zwischen den Menschen differenzieren, die eine Patientenverfügung erstellt haben oder aber für sich explizit ablehnen, eine Patientenverfügung zu erstellen. Die Befunde zeigen, dass neben dem Alter und schlechterem Gesundheitsstatus vor allem die persönliche Erfahrungen mit dem Tod von Angehörige begünstigt, dass eine Patientenverfügungen erstelltund hinterlegt wurde.

Short assessment of the Big Five: robust across survey methods except telephone interviewing

We examined measurement invariance and age-related robustness of a short 15-item Big Five Inventory (BFI–S) of personality dimensions, which is well suited for applications in large-scale multidisciplinary surveys. The BFI–S was assessed in three different interviewing conditions: computer-assisted or paper-assisted face-to-face interviewing, computer-assisted telephone interviewing, and a self-administered questionnaire. Randomized probability samples from a large-scale German panel survey and a related probability telephone study were used in order to test method effects on self-report measures of personality characteristics across early, middle, and late adulthood. Exploratory structural equation modeling was used in order to test for measurement invariance of the five-factor model of personality trait domains across different assessment methods. For the short inventory, findings suggest strong robustness of self-report measures of personality dimensions among young and middle-aged adults. In old age, telephone interviewing was associated with greater distortions in reliable personality assessment. It is concluded that the greater mental workload of telephone interviewing limits the reliability of self-report personality assessment. Face-to-face surveys and self-administrated questionnaire completion are clearly better suited than phone surveys when personality traits in age-heterogeneous samples are assessed

Determinanten der Lebensqualität älterer Frauen: zum Stellenwert der wahrgenommenen Sicherheit und Eingebundenheit

"Neuere sozialgerontologische und soziologische Forschungen legen nahe, dass nicht lediglich personale, sondern auch sozial-räumliche Faktoren für die Lebensqualität älterer Menschen verantwortlich zeichnen. Zusammen machen sie den objektiven Handlungskontext für subjektive Wahrnehmungen und Bewertungen eines Individuums aus, die handlungsrelevant sind. Mit Hilfe von Daten einer im Jahr 2010 durchgeführten Umfrage unter 593 zuhause lebenden älteren Frauen (60+) werden die sozial-räumlichen Aspekte als Erklärungsvariablen für die subjektive Lebensqualität untersucht. Die Analyse erweist: Die subjektive Lebensqualität älterer Frauen hängt in hohem Maße von der wahrgenommenen Sicherheit, sozialen Eingebundenheit und vom Gesundheitsstatus ab. Während Lebensqualität überwiegend durch sozial-räumliche Aspekte der Gemeinde/ Nachbarschaft erklärt werden kann, ist Unsicherheit von der Gemeindegröße und dem Ausmaß sozialer Aktivitäten/ Partizipation abhängig sowie zusätzlich bei vulnerablen Älteren mit niedriger Bildung und Gesundheit verbreiteter." (Autorenreferat)"Recent social gerontology and sociological research suggest that not only personal factors but also the socio-spatial context is assumed to be a factor in explaining quality of life. Together they make up the objective action context for subjective perceptions and evaluations of an individual, which are relevant for behavior. Using survey data from 2010 with 593 older women living at home (60+), the social and spatial aspects are considered as explanatory variables for the subjective quality of life. The analysis shows: subjective life quality of older women depends largely on the perception of safety, social embeddedness and their health status. While quality of life can mainly be explained by socio-spatial aspects of the community or neighborhood, feelings of insecurity depend on the size of the community, the extent of social activities (participation) and are also common among vulnerable groups of older people with low education and health." (author's abstract

Subcellular Phenotyping: Using Proteomics to Quantitatively Link Subcellular Leaf Protein and Organelle Distribution Analyses of Pisum sativum Cultivars

Plant phenotyping to date typically comprises morphological and physiological profiling in a high-throughput manner. A powerful method that allows for subcellular characterization of organelle stoichiometric/functional characteristics is still missing. Organelle abundance and crosstalk in cell dynamics and signaling plays an important role for understanding crop growth and stress adaptations. However, microscopy cannot be considered a high-throughput technology. The aim of the present study was to develop an approach that enables the estimation of organelle functional stoichiometry and to determine differential subcellular dynamics within and across cultivars in a high-throughput manner. A combination of subcellular non-aqueous fractionation and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry was applied to assign membrane-marker proteins to cell compartmental abundances and functions of Pisum sativum leaves. Based on specific subcellular affiliation, proteotypic marker peptides of the chloroplast, mitochondria and vacuole membranes were selected and synthesized as heavy isotope labeled standards. The rapid and unbiased Mass Western approach for accurate stoichiometry and targeted absolute protein quantification allowed for a proportional organelle abundances measure linked to their functional properties. A 3D Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy approach was developed to evaluate the Mass Western. Two P. sativum cultivars of varying morphology and physiology were compared. The Mass Western assay enabled a cultivar specific discrimination of the chloroplast to mitochondria to vacuole relations

A comparison of programmes and services on Mental Fitness for seniors in Austria and Spain

Developing age-friendly programmes and services focused in Seniors’ Mental Fitness are relevant actions oriented to elder well-being. This paper explores the purposes and methodologies of such implemented programmes and services in Austria and Spain nowadays. The research investigates them in relation to the several aims, namely: 1. What kind of programmes exist which promote active ageing in the light of maintaining and improving mental fitness? 2. What goals are pursued by means of such actions? 3. What methodologies are normally used in them? 4. In which way can they be improved in the light of the previous aims? Using a qualitative case-study design, a representative sample of these actions are analysed by Atlas.ti software from an inductive approach. A constructivist grounded theory approach was used to analyse the data. The information was collected by templates designed ad hoc. Additionally, structured in-depth interviews were held with outstanding providers from some of these actions in order to complement the general information obtained in the former step. These interviews explore aspects of the positive and negative features, as well as improvement proposals for such actions. The results obtained can be applied in the framework of the progress of such programmes and services implementation.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Best practice for arm recovery post stroke: an international application

Objective: To develop an evidence-based application (‘app’) for post-stroke upper extremity rehabilitation that can be used globally by therapists. Participants: Twenty-three experienced neurorehabilitation therapists, applied scientists and physicians, and 10 consultants dedicated to the provision of best practice to stroke survivors. Design: This team evaluated the evidence to support the timely and appropriate provision of interventions and the most defensible outcome measures during a 4-year voluntary information gathering and assimilation effort, as a basis for the sequencing of an algorithm informed by the data and directed by changes in impairment and chronicity. Outcome measures: The primary outcome was the formulation of a testable app that will be available for minimal user cost. The app is for a smartphone, and the comments of a focus group (audience at a World Confederation for Physical Therapy 2015 presentation, approximate n = 175) during a 30-minute ‘Questions and Answers’ session were assessed. Results: Analysis of documented, extensive input offered by the audience indicated a highly favourable disposition towards this novel tool, with provision of concrete suggestions prior to launching the final version. Suggestions centred on: inclusion of instructions; visuals and demonstrations; monitoring of adverse responses; availability of updates; autonomous use by patients; and potential to characterise practice. Conclusions: A simple, user-friendly app for decision making in the treatment of upper extremity impairments following stroke is feasible and welcomed