47 research outputs found

    Study of magnetic relaxation dynamics in soft matter nanoparticle composite systems

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    Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt magnetische RelaxationsphĂ€nomene von Eisenoxid-Nanopartikeln, eingebracht in verschiedene viskose und viskoelastische Kompositmaterialien, und deren Reaktion auf externe Stimuli. Die Kombination magnetischer Nanopartikel und verformbaren Matrixmaterials eröffnet eine Vielzahl möglicher Anwendungen, von denen jede eigene Anforderungen an die Reaktion des Komposits auf seine Umgebung hat, welche durch die Magnetisierungsdynamik der eingebetteten Nanopartikel bestimmt wird. Daher liegt das Hauptaugenmerk auf dem Einfluss der Nanostruktur des umgebenden Mediums und der Partikel-Matrix-Wechselwirkung auf das dynamische Magnetisierungsverhalten der Partikel im Soft-Matter Komposit. Um einen Vergleich dieser GrĂ¶ĂŸen auf verschiedenen LĂ€ngen- und Zeitskalen zu ermöglichen, wurde AC-Suszeptometrie (ACS) ergĂ€nzend zur Mössbauerspektroskopie (MS) durchgefĂŒhrt. Weitere Informationen ĂŒber magnetische Struktur und Relaxationseigenschaften der Partikel ergaben sich aus Röntgenbeugungsexperimenten (XRD), Ferromagnetischer Resonanz (FMR) und SQUID-Magnetometrie. Um den Einfluss interpartikulĂ€rer Wechselwirkung auf NĂ©elsche Relaxation als primĂ€ren Relaxationsmechanismus kleiner Nanopartikel zu untersuchen, wurde das Relaxationsverhalten verschieden dick beschichteter 6 nm Eisenoxidpartikel verglichen. Neben einem geringen Effekt der Beschichtung auf die statische magnetische Struktur der Partikel konnte eine deutliche Änderung der NĂ©elschen Relaxationsrate nachgewiesen werden. Im Vergleich beschichteter Magnetitpartikel von 6 - 26 nm in Glycerollösung konnte der Übergang von NĂ©elschem Superparamagnetismus zum (Pseudo-)Superparamagnetismus hervorgerufen durch Brownsche Bewegung beobachtet werden, was es ermöglichte beide Prozesse bei verschiedenen Temperaturen und externen Magnetfeldern zu studieren. Auf diese Weise konnten zum ersten Mal Parameter beider Relaxationsmechanismen gleichzeitig mittels Mössbauerspektroskopie ermittelt werden. Im direkten Vergleich von Mössbauerspektroskopie- und AC-Suszeptometriemessungen wurde in eingehenden Untersuchungen von HĂ€matitnanospindeln in Ferrohydrogelen die EinschrĂ€nkung der PartikelmobilitĂ€t abhĂ€ngig von der Vernetzungsdichte des Hydrogels untersucht, wobei in den letztgenannten ACS-Experimenten keine Anzeichen magnetischer Relaxation erkennbar waren. Dieser scheinbare Widerspruch konnte unter BerĂŒcksichtigung eingeschrĂ€nkter Partikelbewegung in rĂ€umlich begrenzten Polymermaschen und den beiden Techniken zugĂ€nglichen Zeitskalen und Relaxationsarten erklĂ€rt werden. Ein Ă€hnlicher Ansatz wurde genutzt, um die Brownsche Bewegung ÖlsĂ€ure-beschichteter Magnetit-Partikelcluster in verschiedenen Polymerarten quantitativ zu bestimmen. Aufbauend auf der Analyse der magnetischen Struktur und Diffusionsbewegung wurden BeitrĂ€ge NĂ©elscher und Brownscher Relaxation in detaillierten AC-Suszeptometriemessungen identifiziert und interpretiert, was zudem die AbschĂ€tzung der hydrodynamischen ClustergrĂ¶ĂŸe ermöglichte

    Educating Future Nursing Scientists: Recommendations for Integrating Omics Content in PhD Programs

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    Preparing the next generation of nursing scientists to conduct high-impact, competitive, sustainable, innovative, and interdisciplinary programs of research requires that the curricula for PhD programs keep pace with emerging areas of knowledge and health care/biomedical science. A field of inquiry that holds great potential to influence our understanding of the underlying biology and mechanisms of health and disease is omics. For the purpose of this article, omics refers to genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, epigenomics, exposomics, microbiomics, and metabolomics. Traditionally, most PhD programs in schools of nursing do not incorporate this content into their core curricula. As part of the Council for the Advancement of Nursing Science\u27s Idea Festival for Nursing Science Education, a work group charged with addressing omics preparation for the next generation of nursing scientists was convened. The purpose of this article is to describe key findings and recommendations from the work group that unanimously and enthusiastically support the incorporation of omics content into the curricula of PhD programs in nursing. The work group also calls to action faculty in schools of nursing to develop strategies to enable students needing immersion in omics science and methods to execute their research goals

    Ferrimagnetic large single domain iron oxide nanoparticles for hyperthermia applications

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    This paper describes the preparation and obtained magnetic properties of large single domain iron oxide nanoparticles. Such ferrimagnetic particles are particularly interesting for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in medicine or (bio)technology. The particles were prepared by a modified oxidation method of non-magnetic precursors following the green rust synthesis and characterized regarding their structural and magnetic properties. For increasing preparation temperatures (5 to 85 °C), an increasing particle size in the range of 30 to 60 nm is observed. Magnetic measurements confirm a single domain ferrimagnetic behavior with a mean saturation magnetization of ca. 90 Am2/kg and a size-dependent coercivity in the range of 6 to 15 kA/m. The samples show a specific absorption rate (SAR) of up to 600 W/g, which is promising for magnetic hyperthermia application. For particle preparation temperatures above 45 °C, a non-magnetic impurity phase occurs besides the magnetic iron oxides that results in a reduced net saturation magnetization

    Impact of lattice dynamics on the phase stability of metamagnetic FeRh: Bulk and thin films

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    We present phonon dispersions, element-resolved vibrational density of states (VDOS) and corresponding thermodynamic properties obtained by a combination of density functional theory (DFT) and nuclear resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (NRIXS) across the metamagnetic transition of B2 FeRh in the bulk material and thin epitaxial films. We see distinct differences in the VDOS of the antiferromagnetic (AF) and ferromagnetic (FM) phase which provide a microscopic proof of strong spin-phonon coupling in FeRh. The FM VDOS exhibits a particular sensitivity to the slight tetragonal distortions present in epitaxial films, which is not encountered in the AF phase. This results in a notable change in lattice entropy, which is important for the comparison between thin film and bulk results. Our calculations confirm the recently reported lattice instability in the AF phase. The imaginary frequencies at the XX-point depend critically on the Fe magnetic moment and atomic volume. Analyzing these non vibrational modes leads to the discovery of a stable monoclinic ground state structure which is robustly predicted from DFT but not verified in our thin film experiments. Specific heat, entropy and free energy calculated within the quasiharmonic approximation suggest that the new phase is possibly suppressed because of its relatively smaller lattice entropy. In the bulk phase, lattice degrees of freedom contribute with the same sign and in similar magnitude to the isostructural AF-FM phase transition as the electronic and magnetic subsystems and therefore needs to be included in thermodynamic modeling.Comment: 15 pages, 12 figure

    Genetic diversity and risk factors for the transmission of antimicrobial resistance across human, animals and environmental compartments in East Africa: a review.

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    BACKGROUND The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) present a challenge to disease control in East Africa. Resistance to beta-lactams, which are by far the most used antibiotics worldwide and include the penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams and carbapenems, is reducing options for effective control of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The World Health Organization, Food and Agricultural Organization and the World Organization for Animal Health have all advocated surveillance of AMR using an integrated One Health approach. Regional consortia also have strengthened collaboration to address the AMR problem through surveillance, training and research in a holistic and multisectoral approach. This review paper contains collective information on risk factors for transmission, clinical relevance and diversity of resistance genes relating to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing (ESBL) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) across the human, animal and environmental compartments in East Africa. MAIN BODY The review of the AMR literature (years 2001 to 2019) was performed using search engines such as PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Google and Web of Science. The search terms included 'antimicrobial resistance and human-animal-environment', 'antimicrobial resistance, risk factors, genetic diversity, and human-animal-environment' combined with respective countries of East Africa. In general, the risk factors identified were associated with the transmission of AMR. The marked genetic diversity due to multiple sequence types among drug-resistant bacteria and their replicon plasmid types sourced from the animal, human and environment were reported. The main ESBL, MRSA and carbapenem related genes/plasmids were the CTX-Ms (45.7%), SCCmec type III (27.3%) and IMP types (23.8%), respectively. CONCLUSION The high diversity of the AMR genes suggests there may be multiple sources of resistance bacteria, or the possible exchange of strains or a flow of genes amongst different strains due to transfer by mobile genetic elements. Therefore, there should be harmonized One Health guidelines for the use of antibiotics, as well as regulations governing their importation and sale. Moreover, the trend of ESBLs, MRSA and carbapenem resistant (CAR) carriage rates is dynamic and are on rise over time period, posing a public health concern in East Africa. Collaborative surveillance of AMR in partnership with regional and external institutions using an integrated One Health approach is required for expert knowledge and technology transfer to facilitate information sharing for informed decision-making
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