37 research outputs found
The MatP/matS Site-Specific System Organizes the Terminus Region of the E. coli Chromosome into a Macrodomain
The organization of the Escherichia coli chromosome into insulated macrodomains influences the segregation of sister chromatids and the mobility of chromosomal DNA. Here, we report that organization of the Terminus region (Ter) into a macrodomain relies on the presence of a 13 bp motif called matS repeated 23 times in the 800-kb-long domain. matS sites are the main targets in the E. coli chromosome of a newly identified protein designated MatP. MatP accumulates in the cell as a discrete focus that colocalizes with the Ter macrodomain. The effects of MatP inactivation reveal its role as main organizer of the Ter macrodomain: in the absence of MatP, DNA is less compacted, the mobility of markers is increased, and segregation of Ter macrodomain occurs early in the cell cycle. Our results indicate that a specific organizational system is required in the Terminus region for bacterial chromosome management during the cell cycle
Quantification of DNA-associated proteins inside eukaryotic cells using single-molecule localization microscopy
Development of single-molecule localization microscopy techniques has allowed nanometre scale localization accuracy inside cells, permitting the resolution of ultra-fine cell structure and the elucidation of crucial molecular mechanisms. Application of these methodologies to understanding processes underlying DNA replication and repair has been limited to defined in vitro biochemical analysis and prokaryotic cells. In order to expand these techniques to eukaryotic systems, we have further developed a photo-activated localization microscopy-based method to directly visualize DNA-associated proteins in unfixed eukaryotic cells. We demonstrate that motion blurring of fluorescence due to protein diffusivity can be used to selectively image the DNA-bound population of proteins. We designed and tested a simple methodology and show that it can be used to detect changes in DNA binding of a replicative helicase subunit, Mcm4, and the replication sliding clamp, PCNA, between different stages of the cell cycle and between distinct genetic backgrounds
The lawsuits in case of a breach of the legitimate expectations relating to the state of the purchased good
Si le droit de la vente apparait comme un droit riche, il est Ă©galement devenu un droit complexe, voire confus. La question des actions que les victimesâ acquĂ©reurs ou tiers â peuvent mettre en Ćuvre, en cas de violation des attentes lĂ©gitimes relatives Ă lâĂ©tat du bien, se trouve au cĆur de cette complexitĂ©. La diversitĂ© des actions offertes aux victimes semble a priori ĂȘtre un facteur de protection de leurs intĂ©rĂȘts et gage dâune rĂ©paration efficace. Elle se rĂ©vĂšle pourtant trĂšs vite source dâinsĂ©curitĂ© juridique. Soumis Ă des notions imprĂ©cises et a des rĂšgles de concours dâactions incertaines, le choix de lâaction sâavĂšre dĂ©licat. Une rĂ©forme sâimpose afin de dĂ©terminer avec clartĂ© et cohĂ©rence lâaction Ă exercer pour obtenir rĂ©paration. La transposition de la directive n° 1999/44/ce du 25 mai 1999 Ă©tait sans doute lâoccasion dâune telle rĂ©forme. LâopportunitĂ© nâa malheureusement pas Ă©tĂ© saisie. Une nouvelle action en garantie de conformitĂ© dont seuls les consommateurs sont bĂ©nĂ©ficiaires a Ă©tĂ© consacrĂ©e, crĂ©ant ainsi de nouveaux concours dâactions. Une rĂ©organisation profonde des actions, fondĂ©e sur le critĂšre de la nature des dommages, sâavĂšre souhaitable. Pour les dommages subis par la chose, une action en garantie de conformitĂ©, sans distinction quant a la cause des dĂ©sordres ou la qualitĂ© de consommateur, est prĂ©conisĂ©e. Quant aux dommages causĂ©s par la chose, la responsabilitĂ© du fait des produits dĂ©fectueux, rĂ©gime impĂ©ratif en cas dâatteintes Ă la sĂ©curitĂ©, et la responsabilitĂ© du fait personnel devront se coordonnerSales law appears as a rich law. However, it is also a complex law, verily a confused law. The question of the lawsuits that victims (purchasers or third parties) can file, in case of a breach of the legitimate expectations relating to the state of a good they purchased, is the main issue. The fact that the victims can file many different lawsuits could be interpreted as a good way to protect their interests as well as to obtain an effective compensation for the damage suffered by them. Nevertheless, this diversity leads mostly to legal uncertainty. Indeed, the choice of the right lawsuit appears tricky because it depends on some unspecified notions and confused rules relating to the multiplicity of lawsuits. A reform is also required to define with clarity and coherence which lawsuit has to be filed in order to obtain compensation for damage. The transposition of the directive n° 1999/44/ce of 25 may 1999 was without any doubt the occasion to implement such a reform. Unfortunately, the opportunity was not grabbed. A new lawsuit regarding conformity of goods, which can only be filed by consumers, has been established increasing the risk of multiplicity of lawsuits. It is advisable to carry out a deep reorganisation of the lawsuits based on the criteria of the nature of the damage. Regarding damage to the goods, a lawsuit based on the conformity guarantee, without any distinction linked to the cause of the damage or the status of the consumer, is recommended. Regarding damage due to the goods, the liability for defective products, which is a mandatory liability in case of a breach to the safety, should coordinate with the personal liabilit
Les rituels dâĂ©criture : un levier pour former lâĂ©lĂšve scripteur
From their youngest age, children are made aware of the world of writing. Training students scripters is part of the French National Education program. However, this writer skill is far more attached to the study of the language than the narrative skills of the student. I wondered if setting up writing rituals, combined with writing sessions, could help students develop their storytelling skills and help them become writers. I carried out two questionnaires, one before and another one after my experiment, in order to see the evolution of their writing perceptions. I also implemented writer's notebooks, in which I selected 5 productions to see if the rituals allowed an evolution in the student's stories. Also, I was able to notice a real enthusiasm for these activities and a significant involvement of the students, even for those in greatest difficulty.DĂšs le plus jeune Ăąge, les enfants sont sensibilisĂ©s au monde de lâĂ©criture. Former des Ă©lĂšves scripteurs fait partie du programme de lâĂducation Nationale. Cependant cette compĂ©tence de scripteur est bien trop attachĂ©e Ă lâĂ©tude de la langue et moins aux compĂ©tences narratives des Ă©lĂšves. Je me suis demandĂ©e si la mise en place de rituels dâĂ©criture, alliĂ©s Ă des sĂ©ances dâĂ©criture, pouvait permettre aux Ă©lĂšves de dĂ©velopper leurs compĂ©tences narratives et les aider Ă devenir des scripteurs. Jâai procĂ©dĂ© Ă deux questionnaires, avant et aprĂšs mon expĂ©rimentation, afin de voir lâĂ©volution de leurs perceptions de lâĂ©criture, et jâai mis en place des cahiers dâĂ©crivain, dans lesquels jâai sĂ©lectionnĂ© 5 productions, pour voir si ces rituels permettaient une Ă©volution dans les rĂ©cits des Ă©lĂšves. Aussi, jâai pu constater un rĂ©el engouement pour ces activitĂ©s et une importante implication des Ă©lĂšves, mĂȘme pour ceux les plus en difficultĂ©
Réécritures et représentations de la mort de saint Paul ermite en Italie (xiiie-xve siÚcles) : un cadavre en priÚre ?
Ce texte aborde la scĂšne de la mort de saint Paul ermite, racontĂ©e par saint JĂ©rĂŽme vers 376, et ses rĂ©Ă©critures et reprĂ©sentations italiennes aux xiiie-xve siĂšcles. Les rĂ©interprĂ©tations dont il est question dans cette Ă©tude (BarthĂ©lĂ©my de Trente, Jacques de Voragine, Domenico Cavalca) se rejoignent dans lâomission ou la transformation dâune phrase Ă©tonnante de saint JĂ©rĂŽme, qui affirmait lâactualitĂ© post mortem de la priĂšre de saint Paul, dĂ©cĂ©dĂ© en position dâoraison, Ă genoux et mains levĂ©es. Lâenjeu de cet article est de comprendre les raisons de cette censure de la figure du cadavre priant et a contrario la signification de cet Ă©pisode chez saint JĂ©rĂŽme.Questo contributo tratta della scena della morte di san Paolo Eremita, raccontata da san Girolamo verso il 376, e delle sue reintepretazioni agiografiche e figurative nellâItalia dei secoli XIII-XV. I testi di cui Ăš questione (Bartolomeo da Trento, Jacopo da Voragine, Domenico Cavalca) hanno in comune il fatto di omettere o trasformare una frase sorprendente di san Girolamo, che affermava lâattualitĂ post mortem della preghiera del santo, morto in posizione di orazione, in ginocchio e con le mani alzate. Questo articolo cerca di spiegare le ragioni di questa censura della figura del cadavere che prega e, a contrario, il significato di questo episodio nel racconto di san Girolamo
The human body in the individual prayer of the first Dominicans (13th -15th centuries) : a theological, anthropological and iconographical study
Dans des siĂšcles marquĂ©s par la lutte acharnĂ©e entre lâĂglise et les hĂ©rĂ©sies dualistes, la mission apostolique de saint Dominique et de son Ordre sâattache Ă promouvoir une anthropologie oĂč le corps joue un rĂŽle essentiel dans lâitinĂ©raire spirituel de lâhomme. Cette thĂšse apporte un Ă©clairage sur cet engagement des PrĂȘcheurs, Ă travers la question singuliĂšre de la place du corps dans lâoraison individuelle. La question est travaillĂ©e Ă la fois par les thĂ©ologiens, notamment Thomas dâAquin au moyen de concepts aristotĂ©liciens, mais aussi les hagiographes, prĂ©dicateurs et maĂźtres gĂ©nĂ©raux de lâOrdre. Le travail postural dans la dĂ©votion intime est notamment un thĂšme dĂ©veloppĂ© dans lâhagiographie dominicaine Ă travers le De modo orandi corporaliter sancti Dominici, Ćuvre dont lâhĂ©ritage est capital pour la pensĂ©e du corps en oraison aux siĂšcles suivants. La culture coutumiĂšre des PrĂȘcheurs fait aussi apparaĂźtre le souci de mettre le corps au service dâune spiritualitĂ© incarnĂ©e. LâĆuvre du cinquiĂšme maĂźtre gĂ©nĂ©ral Humbert de Romans est Ă ce titre exemplaire, contribuant avec lâhagiographie de Dominique et la thĂ©ologie thomiste Ă faire du XIIIe siĂšcle un moment clĂ© de la valorisation du corps dans lâoraison individuelle. DĂšs la fin du siĂšcle, les Ă©volutions des pratiques de dĂ©votion individuelle montrent toutefois lâĂ©mergence dâune sensibilitĂ© nouvelle : le geste juste dâoraison est moins valorisĂ© que lâextase, le ravissement devenant le paradigme dominant dâune priĂšre marquĂ©e par la grĂące de Dieu. La promotion du culte de Catherine de Sienne, Ă©gĂ©rie de lâObservance, constitue un jalon de cette Ă©volution dans la spiritualitĂ© des PrĂȘcheurs.During centuries marked by relentless fighting between the Catholic Church and the dualist heresies, the apostolic mission of St. Dominic and his Order tries to promote an anthropology in which the human body has an essential place in manâs spiritual itinerary. This thesis focuses on this particular commitment of the Order of Preachers, especially through the question of the human bodyâs role in individual prayer. This question is explored both by theologians, especially St. Thomas Aquinas with aristotelician concepts, but also by hagiographes, preachers and Masters of the Order. The bodyâs postures during prayer is a theme developed in Dominican hagiography, in particular through the De modo orandi corporaliter sancti Dominici, the influence of which is determinant in the thinking of the bodyâs role in devotional practices during the following centuries. The conventual culture of Preachers also shows the will to make the human body serve an embodied spirituality. The 5th Master of Preachers Humbert of Romansâ work reflects this preoccupation and contributes with St. Dominicâs hagiography and St. Thomasâ theology to make the 13th century a high point of the consideration of the human body in individual prayer. At the end of the century, however, the evolutions of devotional practices show the emergence of a new sensibility: the âright gestureâ of prayer is less valorized than ecstasy, and rapture becomes the dominant paradigm of a prayer marked by Godâs grace. The promotion of Catherine of Sienaâs cult, promoted by the Observance movement, is an important step towards this evolution in the Preachersâ spirituality
QualitĂ© du sperme et fertilitĂ© : rĂŽle de lâenvironnement et de la santĂ©
National audienceSperm quality appears to be degrading over the past 40 years. Nowadays, more than 35 % of causes of male infertility are still idiopathic. More and more studies have suggested an impact of environment on sperm quality, essentially through epigenetic and hormonal changes. Recent studies in men with impaired sperm quality, have demonstrated epigenetic variations in sperm DNA. These modifications are responsible for modifications of the expression of transmissible genes to theiroffspring. Those transgenerational effects have been particularly illustrated in drosophila and caenorhabditis elegans. In humans, consequences of the environment on fertility have been studied in obese men, who present hypogonadotropic as well as hypergonadotropic hypogonadisms. Interestingly, recent studies have suggested a correlation between sperm quality and longevity. In summary, those environmental factors are the source of new causes of infertilityLa qualité du sperme semble se dégrader au cours de ces 40 derniÚres années. à ce jour, dans plus de 35 % des cas, les étiologies d'infertilité masculine restent indéterminées. De plus en plus d'études suggÚrent l'impact de l'environnement sur la qualité du sperme, en particulier à travers des modifications épigénétiques et/ou hormonales. Les récentes analyses chez les hommes avec une altération de la qualité du sperme ont mis en évidence des variations épigénétiques de l'ADN spermatique. Ces modifications sont responsables de changements d'expression de gÚnes, transmissibles à la descendance. Ces effets transgénérationnels ont été illustrés en particulier chez la drosophile et le nématode. Dans l'espÚce humaine, les conséquences de l'environnement sur la fertilité ont été étudiées chez les hommes obÚses, qui présentent à la fois un hypogonadisme central et un hypogonadisme périphérique. De maniÚre intéressante, des études récentes ont suggéré chez l'homme une corrélation entre qualité du sperme et longévité. Au total, ces facteurs environnementaux sont la source de nouvelles étiologies d'infertilité
Gonad differentiation toward ovary
International audienceGonad differentiation depends on a set of cellular and hormonal signals interacting in a specific order, with very precise windows of action, to contribute to the establishment of the genital tract and a male or female phenotype. Research initially focused on the stages of gonad differentiation toward testis, in particular following the identification in 1990 of the SRY factor on chromosome Y. The mechanisms involved in gonad differentiation toward ovary took longer to identify. Thanks to patients with different sexual development (DSD) and animal knock-out models, description of the cascades involved in the activation and maintenance of ovarian development has progressed considerably in recent years
Les Livres de la famille dâAlberti : sources, sens et influence
"sous la direction de Michel Paoli ; avec la collaboration d'Ălise Leclerc et Sophie Dutheillet de Lamothe "International audience"sous la direction de Michel Paoli ; avec la collaboration d'Ălise Leclerc et Sophie Dutheillet de Lamothe
Augmentation rapide de la dose de clozapine chez un patient avec trouble psychotique réfractaire fuguant à répétition
Objectifs : PrĂ©senter un cas dâaugmentation rapide des doses de clozapine chez un patient avec trouble psychotique rĂ©fractaire, dĂ©terminer les suivis pertinents et dĂ©finir le type de patient pouvant bĂ©nĂ©ficier de cette pratique.
RĂ©sumĂ© du cas : Un homme de 31 ans, ayant un trouble psychotique traitĂ© par la clozapine, avait lâhabitude de fuguer Ă rĂ©pĂ©tition pendant plus de 48 heures. Cela nĂ©cessitait de rĂ©introduire graduellement la clozapine aprĂšs chaque fugue, engendrant des pĂ©riodes de contrĂŽle sous-optimal. Une augmentation par tranche de 100 mg par jour en quatre prises a Ă©tĂ© tentĂ©e. La dose de 400 mg a Ă©tĂ© atteinte en cinq jours, puis modifiĂ©e pour une prise uniquotidienne au jour 8. Cette augmentation a Ă©tĂ© bien tolĂ©rĂ©e.
Discussion : La clozapine est un antipsychotique de deuxiĂšme gĂ©nĂ©ration indiquĂ© chez les patients avec schizophrĂ©nie rĂ©fractaire. On retrouve peu de donnĂ©es dans la littĂ©rature scientifique pour soutenir une augmentation rapide de la dose. Une augmentation graduelle permet de limiter les effets secondaires dĂ©pendant de la dose et de la vitesse dâajustement, soit la sĂ©dation, lâhypotension, les convulsions, le risque de myocardite et les changements Ă lâĂ©lectrocardiogramme. Autrement, le fractionnement de la dose rĂ©duit lâintensitĂ© des concentrations plasmatiques et les effets secondaires associĂ©s.
Conclusion : Ce cas prĂ©sente une augmentation rapide et bien tolĂ©rĂ©e des doses de clozapine. Une telle pratique sâapplique Ă un nombre restreint de patients. En raison de la variabilitĂ© interindividuelle du mĂ©tabolisme de la clozapine, un suivi Ă©troit pour ajuster lâaugmentation des doses selon la tolĂ©rance du patient est nĂ©cessaire.
Abstract
Objectives: To present a case involving a rapid increase in clozapine doses in a patient with a refractory psychotic disorder, to determine the relevant follow-ups and to define the type of patient who might benefit from this practice.
Case summary: A 31-year-old male with a psychotic disorder treated with clozapine had the habit of repeatedly running away for more than 48 hours. This required a gradual reintroduction of clozapine after each runaway event, which resulted in periods of suboptimal control. An increase of 100 mg per day in four doses was attempted. The 400 mg dose was reached in 5 days and was switched to once-daily administration on Day 8. This increase was well tolerated.
Discussion: Clozapine is a second-generation antipsychotic indicated in patients with refractory schizophrenia. There is little data in the scientific literature to support rapid dose escalation. A gradual increase limits the dose- and speed of adjustment-dependent adverse effects, namely, sedation, hypotension, convulsions, the risk of myocarditis, and electrocardiographic changes. In other words, dose splitting reduces the peak plasma concentrations and their associated adverse effects.
Conclusion: This case involves a rapid and well-tolerated increase in clozapine doses. This practice applies to a small number of patients. Because of interindividual variability in clozapine metabolism, close monitoring is necessary in order to adjust the dose increase according to the patientâs tolerance