Efficacy of once daily darunavir/ritonavir 800/100 mg in PI/r-experienced HIV-1 infected patients with suppressed HIV-1 replication: the RADAR study

International audiencen.

Impact of lopinavir/ritonavir use on antiretroviral resistance in recent clinical practice

Objectives This observational study was requested by French health authorities to determine the impact of lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra®) on antiretroviral resistance in clinical practice. Virological failures of lopinavir/ritonavir and their effects on the resistance to protease inhibitors and reverse transcriptase inhibitors were evaluated in protease inhibitor-experienced patients.Patients and methods Virological failure was defined as an HIV-1 plasma viral load >50 copies/mL after at least 3 months of lopinavir/ritonavir-containing antiretroviral therapy. For all patients, a resistance genotypic test was available at failure and before lopinavir/ritonavir treatment. Data from 72 patients with inclusion criteria were studied. Results The mean viral load at baseline was 4 log10 copies/mL (1.6–6.5). Mutations in the protease gene significantly selected between baseline and failure were L10V, K20R, L33F, M36I, I47V, I54V, A71V and I85V (P < 0.05). Patients who had more than seven protease inhibitor mutations at baseline showed a significantly increased risk of occurrence of protease inhibitor mutations. The proportion of viruses susceptible to atazanavir, fosamprenavir and darunavir decreased significantly between baseline and failure (P < 0.05). Among patients with a virus susceptible to atazanavir at day 0, 26% (n = 14) exhibited a virus resistant or possibly resistant at the time of failure. This proportion was 32% (n = 16) for fosamprenavir and 16% (n = 7) for darunavir. Conclusions A darunavir-based regimen appears to be a sequential option in the case of lopinavir/ritonavir failure. To compare and determine the best treatment sequencing, similar studies should be performed for darunavir/ritonavir and atazanavir/ritonavir

Antiretroviral-naive and -treated HIV-1 patients can harbour more resistant viruses in CSF than in plasma

Objectives The neurological disorders in HIV-1-infected patients remain prevalent. The HIV-1 resistance in plasma and CSF was compared in patients with neurological disorders in a multicentre study. Methods Blood and CSF samples were collected at time of neurological disorders for 244 patients. The viral loads were >50 copies/mL in both compartments and bulk genotypic tests were realized. Results On 244 patients, 89 and 155 were antiretroviral (ARV) naive and ARV treated, respectively. In ARV-naive patients, detection of mutations in CSF and not in plasma were reported for the reverse transcriptase (RT) gene in 2/89 patients (2.2%) and for the protease gene in 1/89 patients (1.1%). In ARV-treated patients, 19/152 (12.5%) patients had HIV-1 mutations only in the CSF for the RT gene and 30/151 (19.8%) for the protease gene. Two mutations appeared statistically more prevalent in the CSF than in plasma: M41L (P = 0.0455) and T215Y (P = 0.0455). Conclusions In most cases, resistance mutations were present and similar in both studied compartments. However, in 3.4% of ARV-naive and 8.8% of ARV-treated patients, the virus was more resistant in CSF than in plasma. These results support the need for genotypic resistance testing when lumbar puncture is performe

Clin Infect Dis

Background: We pooled the results of three randomized trials that compared the efficacy of PI/r monotherapy and standard triple therapy as maintenance therapy and evaluated: 1) the distribution of ultrasensitive viral load (USVL) at week 96 (W96), 2) factors associated with virological success (VL50 copies/mL and was analyzed in intention-to-treat. USVL was measured with commercial standard Roche assay. A logistic model was used to investigate which variables were predictive of VF. The Fisher exact test was used to investigate differences in USVL at W96. Results: Among 609 patients, 73% were male with a median age of 44.4 years (IQR 39.8-52.1), the treatment duration was four years, (2.4-7.6), baseline CD4/CD8 ratio 0.8 (0.6-1.10), baseline CD4 cell count 564/mm3 (422-707), and 59% presented a baseline USVL<1 copy/mL. At W96, the proportion of USVL<1 copy/mL was significantly lower for PI/r monotherapy than triple therapy (65% versus 74%; p=0.04). Overall, baseline USVL<1 copy/mL, triple therapy, and being female were associated with an USVL<1 copy/mL at W96 (p<0.0001, p=0.049 and p=0.006). For PI/r monotherapy, receiving DRV/r rather than LPV/r was associated with an USVL<1 copy/mL at W96 (p=0.03). Factors associated with virological success at W96 were higher baseline CD4 cell count (p=0.034) and baseline USVL<1 copy/mL (p=0.0005). Conclusion: Although PI/r monotherapy is not widely recommended, this strategy is still sometimes used and USVL determination for virologically-controlled patients may help to select the best candidates for PI/r monotherapy

Switching to darunavir/ritonavir 800/100 mg once-daily containing regimen maintains virological control in fully suppressed pre-treated patients infected with HIV-1

Item does not contain fulltextThe objective of this study was to evaluate the switch to once-daily darunavir/ritonavir 800/100 mg in treatment-experienced patients with suppressed HIV-1 replication on a twice-daily ritonavir-boosted protease-inhibitor (bid PI/r) containing regimen, that is in a setting where genotypic resistance test cannot be performed. In this open label, non-comparative, multicenter study, patients on a bid PI/r-containing triple combination, with suppressed viral replication, were switched to once-daily darunavir/r 800/100 mg containing triple combination. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with plasma HIV-RNA < 50 copies/ml 24 weeks after the switch. Intensive darunavir pharmacokinetic evaluation was performed at Week 4 (W4) in 11 patients. Eighty-five patients were enrolled. All had HIV-RNA < 50 copies/ml at screening with a pre-exposure to a median of 2 PI/r (1-5). By intent-to-treat analysis (missing = failure), 78/85 patients (92%, 95% CI [83;96]) maintained an HIV-RNA < 50 copies/ml at W24. Seven patients experienced protocol-defined treatment failure between baseline and W24: Two had confirmed low-level viral rebound, one discontinued study treatment for adverse event, three withdrew their consent, and one was lost to follow-up. By on-treatment analysis, 78/80 patients (97%, 95% CI [91;99]) maintained an HIV-RNA < 50 copies/ml at W24. Results were similar at Week 48. The median area under the darunavir plasma concentration-time curve measured in 11 patients was 61,380 ng hr/ml; darunavir median trough concentration 1,340 ng/ml and darunavir half-life was 12.2 hr. Tolerability of once-daily darunavir/r 800/100 mg was excellent. Optimally suppressed, treatment-experienced patients can switch safely from a twice-daily PI/r regimen to a once-daily darunavir/r 800/100 mg containing regimen

Effect of therapeutic intensification followed by HIV DNA prime and rAd5 boost vaccination on HIV-specific immunity and HIV reservoir (EraMune 02): a multicentre randomised clinical trial

BackgroundAchievement of a cure for HIV infection might need reactivation of latent virus and improvement of HIV-specific immunity. As an initial step, in this trial we assessed the effect of antiretroviral therapy intensification and immune modulation with a DNA prime and recombinant adenovirus 5 (rAd5) boost vaccine.MethodsIn this multicentre, randomised, open-label, non-comparative, phase 2 clinical trial, we enrolled eligible adults 18-70 years of age with chronic HIV-1 infection on suppressive antiretroviral therapy with current CD4 count of at least 350 cells per μL and HIV DNA between 10 and 1000 copies per 10(6) peripheral blood mononuclear cells. After an 8 week lead-in of antiretroviral intensification therapy (standard dose raltegravir and dose-adjusted maraviroc based on baseline antiretroviral therapy), patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive antiretroviral therapy intensification alone or intensification plus injections of HIV DNA prime vaccine (4 mg VRC-HIVDNA016-00-VP) at weeks 8, 12, and 16, followed by HIV rAd5 boost vaccine (10(10) particle units of VRC-HIVADV014-00-VP) at week 32. Randomisation was computer generated in permuted blocks of six and was stratified by study site. The primary endpoint was a 0·5 log10 or greater decrease in HIV DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells at week 56. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00976404.FindingsBetween Nov 29, 2010, and Oct 28, 2011, we enrolled 28 eligible patients from three academic HIV clinics in the USA. After the 8 week lead-in of antiretroviral intensification therapy, 14 patients were randomly assigned to continue antiretroviral therapy intensification alone and 14 to intensification plus vaccine. Enrolled participants had median CD4 count of 636 cells per μL, median HIV DNA 170 copies per 10(6) peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and duration of antiretroviral therapy of 13 years. The median amount of HIV DNA did not change significantly between baseline and week 56 in the antiretroviral therapy intensification plus vaccine group. One participant in the antiretroviral therapy intensification alone group reached the primary endpoint, with 0·55 log10 decrease in HIV DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Both treatments were well tolerated. No severe or systemic reactions to vaccination occurred, and five serious adverse events were recorded during the study, most of which resolved spontaneously or were judged unrelated to study treatments.InterpretationAntiretroviral therapy intensification followed by DNA prime and rAd5 boost vaccine did not significantly increase HIV expression or reduce the latent HIV reservoir. A multifaceted approach that includes stronger activators of HIV expression and novel immune modulators will probably be needed to reduce the latent HIV reservoir and allow for long-term control in patients off antiretroviral therapy.FundingObjectif Recherche Vaccin SIDA (ORVACS)