Shift in the chemical composition of dissolved organic matter in the Congo River network

The processing of terrestrially derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) during downstream transport in fluvial networks is poorly understood. Here, we report a dataset of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and DOM composition (stable carbon isotope ratios, absorption and fluorescence properties) acquired along a 1700 km transect in the middle reach of the Congo River Basin. Samples were collected in the mainstem and its tributaries during high water (HW) and falling water (FW) periods. DOC concentrations and DOM composition along the mainstem were found to differ between the two periods, because of a reduced lateral mixing between the central water masses of the Congo River and DOM-rich waters from tributaries and also likely because of a greater photodegradation during FW as water residence time (WRT) increased. Although the Cuvette Centrale wetland (one of the world’s largest flooded forest) continuously releases highly aromatic DOM in streams and rivers of the Congo Basin, the downstream transport of DOM was found to result in an along stream gradient from aromatic to aliphatic compounds. The characterization of DOM through parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) suggests that this transition results from (1) the losses of aromatic compounds by photodegradation and (2) the production of aliphatic compounds by biological reworking of terrestrial DOM. Finally, this study highlights the critical importance of the river-floodplain connectivity in tropical rivers in controlling DOM biogeochemistry at large spatial scale and suggests that the degree of DOM processing during downstream transport is a function of landscape characteristics and WRTAFRIVA

Sources, production et transfert du carbone organique dissous dans les bassins versants élémentaires sur socle (apports des isotopes stables du carbone)

En dépit de son importance pour les écosystèmes aquatiques, l origine et les mécanismes de production du carbone organique dissous (COD) sont toujours sujets à discussion. Cette thèse vise à mieux comprendre le rôle joué par l hydrologie tant sur les mécanismes de production et la location des sources du COD que sur les flux et les processus de transfert du sol vers les cours d eau. Un suivi haute fréquence des eaux du sol et de rivière a été réalisé sur la totalité d un cycle hydrologique dans le bassin versant expérimental de Kervidy-Naizin (Morbihan, Observatoire de Recherche en Environnement (ORE) AgrHys). Le COD contenu dans ces eaux a été caractérisé par sa composition isotopique en carbone ( 13C), et ce suivi a été complété par l analyse de la dynamique de la nappe. L analyse des variations saisonnières de concentration et de composition du COD révèle l existence d un relais dans les sources et les mécanismes de production du COD dans les sols des zones de fond de vallée en phase avec les changements de régime hydrologique du bassin. Ainsi, lors de la période automnale de remontée de la nappe, le compartiment COD présente un caractère faiblement aromatique et une composition isotopique particulière, suggérant une origine microbienne. Ce réservoir de très faible taille (5% du flux annuel de COD exporté par le cours d eau) est entièrement épuisé par les premières crues d automne. La mise en charge de la nappe en versant conduit à la mobilisation d un second réservoir de COD caractérisé par une aromaticité élevée et une signature isotopique proche de celle de la matière organique des sols. Ce compartiment correspond au fond humique ancien des sols et présente une taille nettement plus important que le premier (90% du flux annuel). Cependant ce compartiment ne se limite pas au COD produit dans sols des zones de bas-fond mais comprend aussi des apports de matières organiques issues des sols de bas de versant. Enfin, le rabattement de la nappe au milieu du printemps marque le début de la période d assèchement du bassin versant et le retour dans les sols de bas-fond d un COD faiblement aromatique et isotopiquement similaire à celui observé en automne. En conséquence, la teneur et la composition du COD véhiculé par le cours d eau varient fortement à l échelle saisonnière (variabilité temporelle des processus de production du COD). Les horizons superficiels des sols des zones de bas-fond sont la principale source de COD, par lesquels transitent entre 60 et 80% du flux de COD exporté lors des événements de crues. Concernant le réservoir humique, un résultat important est qu il semble limité dans les sols de bas de versant, alors qu il semble au contraire illimité dans les sols de bas fond. Au final, les résultats obtenus dans le cadre de cette thèse démontrent le contrôle majeur de la dynamique de la nappe sur les mécanismes de production de COD par le sol ainsi que sur la localisation spatiale et les flux de COD transférés de ces sols vers les cours d eau à l échelle de la saison. Ils valident également l hypothèse émise selon laquelle l exportation du COD par les cours d eau ne résulterait pas d un simple flushing du COD produit dans les sols de bas-fond mais mobiliserait plutôt un ensemble de sources localisées le long du continuum rivière-zone de bas-fond-zone de versant, et dont le caractère plus moins limité du réservoir expliquerait les dynamiques des concentrations en COD annuelles observées à l exutoire de ces bassins. Un autre résultat majeur de cette thèse est la qualification des isotopes comme outil de traçage des sources et de la dynamique du COD dans les bassins versants. Un point clé de ce travail est la différenciation isotopiques des réservoirs COD des sols de bas-fond et des sols de bas de versant, qui a permis pour la première fois de révéler la participation de l'un et de l autre au flux exporté à l exutoire et d estimer quantitativement leur contribution respective à ce même flux.Despite its importance to aquatic ecosystems, origin and production mechanisms of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) are still subject to discussion. This thesis aims to better understand the role of hydrology in controlling both DOC production in soils and export by stream waters. High frequency monitoring of soils and streams waters was carried out during an entire hydrological cycle in the Kervidy-Naizin catchment (Morbihan). The DOC was characterized by its stable carbon isotopic composition, and groundwater table dynamic was also analyzed during the same period. The analysis of seasonal variations in both DOC concentration and composition reveals a succession in the sources and mechanisms of production of DOC in soils of valley bottom in line with changes in the hydrological regime of the basin. Thus, during the autumn period of rising water-table, the COD compartment has a low aromatic character and a particular isotopic composition, suggesting a microbial origin. This reservoir of very small size (5% of the annual flux of DOC exported by the stream) is fully exhausted by the first autumn storm events. The increase of water-table in the upland domain leads to the mobilization of a second DOC pool characterized by a high aromaticity and a isotopic signature similar to those of soil organic matter. This compartment corresponds to "old" humic fraction of the soil and has a size much larger than the first (90% of annual flux). However, this compartment includes contributions of DOC from riparian soils and also upland soils. Finally, the water-table drawdown in the middle of spring marks the beginning of the drying period of the catchment and the return to the soil of the fresh DOC pool. As a result, concentration and composition of DOC transported by the stream vary greatly across a seasonal scale (temporal variability of production processes DOC). The surface horizons of soils riparian soils are the main source of DOC, which handle between 60 and 80% of stream DOC flux during flood events. An important result is that the DOC pool seems limited in upland soils, while its seems no-limited in riparian soils. Finally, the results obtained in this thesis demonstrate the major control of the dynamics of the water-table on the mechanisms of production of DOC from the soil as well as the spatial location of DOC sources and DOC flux transferred from the soil to stream through the hydrological cycle. They also validate the hypothesis that DOC export by rivers mobilizes rather a set of sources located along the upland-riparian-stream continuum. Another major result of this thesis is the validation of stable carbon isotopes as a tool for tracing sources and dynamics of DOC in the catchment.RENNES1-Bibl. électronique (352382106) / SudocSudocFranceF

Hydrologically driven seasonal changes in the sources and production mechanisms of dissolved organic carbon in a small lowland catchment

International audienceTo obtain better constraints on the control of seasonal hydrological variations on dissolved organic carbon (DOC) dynamics in headwater catchments, we combined hydrometric monitoring with high-frequency analyses of DOC concentration and DOC chemical composition (specific UV adsorption, 13C) in soil and stream waters during one complete hydrological cycle in a small lowland catchment of western France. We observed a succession of four hydrological periods, each corresponding to specific DOC signatures. In particular, the rise of the upland water table at the end of the rewetting period yielded to a strong increase of the specific UV absorbance (from 2.5 to 4.0 L mg C 1 m 1) and of the 13C values (from 29 to 27%) of the soil DOC. Another striking feature was the release of large amounts of DOC during reduction of soil Fe-oxyhydroxides at the end of the highflow period. Comparison of hydrometric data with DOC composition metrics showed that soils from the upland domains were rapidly DOC depleted after the rise of the water table in these domains, whereas wetland soils acted as quasi-infinite DOC sources. Results from this study showed that the composition and ultimate source of the DOC exported to the stream will depend on the period within the annual hydrological cycle. However, we found that the aromatic DOC component identified during the high-flow period will likely represent the dominant DOC component in stream waters on an annual basis, because most of the annual stream DOC flux is exported during such periods

Distribution of dissolved green-house gases (CO2, CH4, N2O) in Lakes Edward and George: Results from the first field cruise of the HIPE project

Inland waters (streams, rivers, lakes, reservoirs) are quantitatively important components of the global budgets of atmospheric emissions of long-lived greenhouse gases (GHGs) (CO2, CH4, N2O). Available data indicate that a very large fraction of CO2 and CH4 emissions from rivers and reservoirs occurs at tropical latitudes. Data on GHGs at tropical latitudes from lakes however are much more scarse, and the relative importance of emissions, in particular in Africa, remains to be determined. Large tropical lakes are net autotrophic (hence potentially sinks for atmospheric CO2) due generally low dissolved organic carbon concentrations, seasonally near constant light and temperature conditions, and generally deep water columns favourable for export of organic matter to depth. This sharply contrasts with their much better documented temperate and boreal counterparts, usually considered as CO2 sources to the atmosphere sustained by net heterotrophy. Here, we report a data-set of issolved CO2, CH4, N2O obtained in October 2016 in Lakes Edward and George and adjacent streams and cater lakes in he frame of Belgian Science Policy (BELSPO) HIPE (Human impacts on ecosystem health and resources of ake Edward, http://www.co2.ulg.ac.be/hipe/) project. Lake George and part of Lake Edward were sinks for tmospheric CO2 and N2O due to high primary production and denitrification in sediments, respectively, and modest ources of CH4 to the atmosphere. Sampled rivers and streams were oversaturated in CO2 and CH4 and close to tmospheric equilibrium with regards to N2O. Spatial variations within rivers and streams were related to elevation and vegetation characteristics on the catchments (savannah versus forest). Levels of CO2, CH4, and N2O were within the range of those we reported in other African rivers. Crater lakes acted as sinks for atmospheric CO2 and N2O but were extremely over-saturated in CH4, due to intense primary production sustained by cyanobacteria. These CH4 levels were much higher than what we have reported in other lakes and reservoirs elsewhere in Sub- Saharan Africa

Sources of dissolved organic matter during storm and inter-storm conditions in a lowland headwater catchment: constraints from high-frequency molecular data

International audienceThe transfer of dissolved organic matter (DOM) at soil–river interfaces controls the biogeochemistry of mi-cropollutants and the equilibrium between continental and oceanic C reservoirs. Understanding the mechanisms controlling this transfer is fundamental to ecology and geochem-istry. DOM delivery to streams during storms is assumed to come from the flushing of preexisting soil DOM reservoirs mobilized by the modification of water flow paths. We tested this hypothesis by investigating the evolution of the composition of stream DOM during inter-storm conditions and five storm events monitored with high-frequency sampling. The composition of DOM was analyzed using thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation (THM) with tetramethylammo-nium hydroxide (TMAH) coupled to a gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer. In inter-storm conditions, stream DOM is derived from the flushing of soil DOM, while during storm events, the modification of the distribution of chemical biomarkers allows the identification of three additional mechanisms. The first one corresponds to the destabilization of microbial biofilms due to the increase in water velocity, resulting in the fleeting export of a microbial pool. The second mechanism corresponds to the erosion of soils and river banks, leading to a partition of organic matter between particulate and dissolved phases. The third mechanism is linked to the increase in water velocity in soils that could induce the erosion of macropore walls, leading to an in-soil partition between soil microparticles and dissolved phase. The contribution of this in-soil erosive process would be linked to the magnitude of the hydraulic gradient following the rise of the water table and could persist after the recession, which could explain why the return to inter-storm composition of DOM does not follow the same temporal scheme as the discharge. These results are the most important factors in understanding the transfer of nutrients and micropollutants at the soil–river interfaces during the hot moments that are storm events

Contrasting biogeochemical characteristics of the Oubangui River and tributaries (Congo River basin)

The Oubangui is a major tributary of the Congo River. We describe the biogeochemistry of contrasting tributaries within its central catchment, with watershed vegetation ranging from wooded savannahs to humid rainforest. Compared to a 2-year monitoring record on the mainstem Oubangui, these tributaries show a wide range of biogeochemical signatures, from highly diluted blackwaters (low turbidity, pH, conductivity, and total alkalinity) in rainforests to those more typical for savannah systems. Spectral analyses of chromophoric dissolved organic matter showed wide temporal variations in the Oubangui compared to spatio-temporal variations in the tributaries, and confirm that different pools of dissolved organic carbon are mobilized during different hydrological stages. d13C of dissolved inorganic carbon ranged between -28.1 per mil and -25.8 per mil, and was strongly correlated to both partial pressure of CO2 and to the estimated contribution of carbonate weathering to total alkalinity, suggesting an important control of the weathering regime on CO2 fluxes. All tributaries were oversaturated in dissolved greenhouse gases (CH4, N2O, CO2), with highest levels in rivers draining rainforest. The high diversity observed underscores the importance of sampling that covers the variability in subcatchment characteristics, to improve our understanding of biogeochemical cycling in the Congo Basin.AFRIVAL: ‘‘African river basins: catchment-scale carbon fluxes and transformations’

Variability of CD3 membrane expression and T cell activation capacity

αβT cells have a wide distribution of their CD3 membrane density. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the significance of the CD3 differential expression on T cell subsets. Analysis was performed on healthy donors and renal transplant patients by flowcytometry The results obtained are : 1-CD3 expression was widely distributed (CV =38.3±3.1 to (43±2.3%). 2-The CD4, CD8,CD45 and forward scatter were similarly distributed. 3-The diversity of CD3 expression was direcly related to the clonotypes: γ9, non γ9 from γδT cells and Vβ clonotype from αβT cells (e.g.: Vβ3FITC 7980±1628 Vβ8PE: Vβ20-FITC 11768±1510). 4-Using a computer simulation, we could confirm differential kinetics of T cell activation according to the initial parameters. Finally, in vitro activation was significantly higher on Vβ8 and Vβ9 (high CD3) compared to Vβ2 and Vβ3 (low CD3, P=0.040 to 0.0003). In conclusion: T cells have highly heterogeneous CD3 expression, possibly predetermined and with clear functional significance