Análisis genético preliminar para el estudio de las interacciones intraespecíficas de oso pardo de la Cordillera Cantábrica

XIV Congreso de la Sociedad Española para la Conservación y Estudio de los Mamíferos (SECEM), Jaca, 5-8 diciembre de 2019.El rascado en los árboles juega un papel fundamental en la comunicación intraespecífica de los osos pardos (Ursus arctos), cuyas áreas de campeo a menudo se encuentran solapadas. A través de estos mensajes, los osos son capaces de reconocer a todos los individuos de su zona sin necesidad de interacciones directas. Se ha demostrado que los osos pardos invierten una parte de su tiempo en la búsqueda activa de las señales químicas dejadas por los conspecíficos como parte esencial de su red de comunicación. El presente trabajo busca descubrir: (a) la red social existente en torno a los árboles de rascado (o árboles de marcaje) del occidente de la Cordillera Cantábrica (n= 18 árboles de rascado); (b) los patrones de marcaje a lo largo de todo el año (n= 32 árboles de rascado); así como(c) entender dinámicas de envejecimiento en la población sujeta a estudio, mediante la toma de muestras de pelo depositado en trampas no lesivas, situadas en Asturias y León, tras el rascado. La recogida de los pelos se ha realizado mensualmente durante un período de un año, por lo que disponemos de un volumen total de 216 muestras, cada una de ellas con material de distintos ejemplares de oso. Se ha realizado la extracción genética de cada pelo con un total de ocho folículos pilosos por muestra, de forma que la posibilidad de error disminuya al 5% y se obtenga una concentración de ADN nuclear suficiente para su identificación. Para la determinación del individuo, sexo y rango de edad se han escogido siete marcadores microsatélites, descritos como los más informativos para este fin. La población occidental es la que cuenta con el mayor número de individuos de la población pero, en base a los resultados preliminares y debido a la limitada variabilidad genética es necesario determinar si es suficiente para realizar una correcta identificación individual. Datos preliminares muestran que los patrones anuales en el rascado se han estudiado como una variable en torno a la época del año, siendo los meses de abril a septiembre de los que mayor cantidad de pelo se obtiene, así como en los meses en torno a la hibernación cuando se denota una reducción en el comportamiento de rascado coincidente con su disminución de actividad

Rubbing behavior of European brown bears: factors affecting rub tree selectivity and density

Scent-mediated communication is considered the principal communication channel in many mammal species. Compared with visual and vocal communication, odors persist for a longer time, enabling individuals to interact without being in the same place at the same time. The brown bear (Ursus arctos), like other mammals, carries out chemical communication, for example, by means of scents deposited on marking (or rub) trees. In this study, we assessed rub tree selectivity of the brown bear in the predominantly deciduous forests of the Cantabrian Mountains (NW Spain). We first compared the characteristics of 101 brown bear rub trees with 263 control trees. We then analyzed the potential factors affecting the density of rub trees along 35 survey routes along footpaths. We hypothesized that: (1) bears would select particular trees, or tree species, with characteristics that make them more conspicuous; and (2) that bears would select trees located in areas with the highest presence of conspecifics, depending on the population density or the position of the trees within the species’ range. We used linear models and generalized additive models to test these hypotheses. Our results showed that brown bears generally selected more conspicuous trees with a preference for birches (Betula spp.). This choice may facilitate the marking and/ or detection of chemical signals and, therefore, the effectiveness of intraspecific communication. Conversely, the abundance of rub trees along footpaths did not seem to depend on the density of bear observations or their relative position within the population center or its border. Our results suggest that Cantabrian brown bears select trees based on their individual characteristics and their location, with no influence of characteristics of the bear population itself. Our findings can be used to locate target trees that could help in population monitoring

CC9 Livestock-Associated Staphylococcus aureus Emerges in Bloodstream Infections in French Patients Unconnected With Animal Farming

We report 4 bloodstream infections associated with CC9 agr type II Staphylococcus aureus in individuals without animal exposure. We demonstrate, by microarray analysis, the presence of egc cluster, fnbA, cap operon, lukS, set2, set12, splE, splD, sak, epiD, and can, genomic features associated with a high virulence potential in human

Does moonlight affect movement patterns of a non-obligate carnivore? Brown bears do not mind that the moon exists

Moonlight plays a significant role in prey–predator relationships. At full moon, predators' hunting success and activity rates generally increase. Even though the analysis of facultative carnivore movement patterns can improve our knowledge of how moonlight can change the behaviour of such a group of species with diverse ecological needs, few studies have been conducted with facultative carnivores and none with telemetric data. Here, we studied whether moonlight influences brown bear, Ursus arctos, movement behaviours. By analysing data collected from 2002 to 2014 for 71 collared individuals inhabiting Finland and Russian Karelia, we found that some internal and external factors are influencing brown bear movement patterns. In particular, this facultative carnivore moves more slowly and over shorter distances during hyperphagia periods than during the mating season. However, moonlight does not affect brown bear movements. Although brown bears are large carnivores, they are opportunistic omnivores with a high fruit diet and, therefore, the prey–predator relationships that are behind the dependence of carnivores on moonlight seem to be weaker than in obligate carnivores

Does artificial feeding affect large carnivore behaviours? The case study of brown bears in a hunted and tourist exploited subpopulation

Artificial food supplementation of wildlife is an increasing practice for species conservation, as well as for hunting and viewing tourism. Yet, our understanding of the implications of wildlife supplementary feeding is still very limited. Concerns have been raised over the potential negative impact of artificial feeding, but the effects of this practice on animal movements and rhythms of activity are just beginning to be investigated. Here, with the aim of studying whether the artificial feeding of brown bears may affect their behaviour, we analysed (1) the probability and intensity of feeding site use at different temporal scales, (2) how the use of artificial feeding sites is related to the bear's age and sex, main periods of the bear's annual cycle (i.e. mating and hyperphagia) and characteristics of the feeding sites, and (3) how the use of artificial feeding may be affecting bear movement patterns. We analysed the movements of 71 radio-collared brown bears in southern-central Finland and western Russian Karelia. Artificial feeding sites had several effects on brown bears in boreal habitats. The probability of a feeding site being used was positively correlated to the stability of this food resource over time, whereas sexes and bear classes (subadults, adults and females with cubs) did not show significant differences in the use of feeding sites, which were visited predominantly at night and slightly more during hyperphagia. The probability of using an artificial feeding site affected the daily net distance only (bears using feeding sites: 3.5 ± 4.5 km, range: 0–29 km; bears not using feeding sites: 4.4 ± 4.9 km, range: 0–47 km). Those brown bears using artificial feeding more intensively moved shorter distances at a lower speed within smaller home ranges compared to bears that used this food sources less. Highly predictable and continuously available anthropogenic food may therefore have substantial impacts on brown bear movement patterns, ecology and health. The recorded changes in movement patterns support the evidence that artificial feeding may have important implications for bear ecology and conservation.V.P. was supported by (1) the Excellence Project CGL2017-82782-P financed by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER, EU), and by (2) a GRUPIN research grant from the Regional Government of Asturias (Ref.: IDI/2018/000151). The Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry financially supported I.K. G.B. was financially supported by MUSE–Museo delle Scienze of Trento (Italy). M.M.D. was financially supported by the Spanish Ramon y Cajal grant RYC-2014-16263. Collaring of bears was funded by the Finland's Ministry of Agriculture and ForestryPeer reviewe

Age Ain't Nothing But a Number: factors other than age shape brown bear movement patterns

Movement patterns may reflect individual age-specific variation. For example, individuals that sample novel areas (e.g. natal dispersal) may show different movements from those of adults settling in more stable areas and moving around local environments to procure food and shelter. The long-term study of a solitary large carnivore, the brown bear, Ursus arctos, allowed us to test for age-related differences in movement behaviour and, more specifically, for potential inter- versus intraindividual variation among adult versus subadult bears. In addition to age, we also explored factors other than individual characteristics that have the potential to determine movement patterns: sex, season (mating versus hyperphagia) and body weight. The contribution of age to movement patterns seemed to be irrelevant, most of the observed movement patterns being primarily explained by season and body weight. Moreover, intraindividual movements within a home range were more marked among subadult brown bears. We hypothesize that two mechanisms may lead to subadults and adults moving similarly. First, both must hibernate and, consequently, need to store energy during hyperphagia. Second, although triggered by different factors, both make erratic/long movements after hibernation, for dispersal (subadults) or mating (adults), which might contribute to shaping similar movement patterns. Different motivations could thus be expressed through the same behavioural patterns, and equifinality (i.e. similar ecological patterns emerge from different initial conditions) might be considered an intrinsic property of animal behaviours

Factores que afectan a la selección de árboles y su abundancia

Trabajo presentado en el XIV Congreso de la SECEM (Sociedad Española para la Conservación y Estudio de los Mamíferos), celebrada en Jaca del 5 al 8 de diciembre de 2019.Peer reviewe

CC9 Livestock-Associated Staphylococcus aureus Emerges in Bloodstream Infections in French Patients Unconnected With Animal Farming.

International audienceWe report 4 bloodstream infections associated with CC9 agr type II Staphylococcus aureus in individuals without animal exposure. We demonstrate, by microarray analysis, the presence of egc cluster, fnbA, cap operon, lukS, set2, set12, splE, splD, sak, epiD, and can, genomic features associated with a high virulence potential in humans