Correlation between Different Helicobacter Morphotypes and Histological Changes in Pig Gastric Mucosa

Background: Two distinct morphologic types of bacteria which belong to the Helicobacter species, have been described in pigs: once or twice curved Helicobacter pylori-like bacteria (HLO) and the multicoiled, Gastrospirillum-like bacteria (GLO). The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of Helicobacter spp. using modified Giemsa stain and to define the relationship between presence of Helicobacter spp. and histopathological changes of gastric mucosa in pigs.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 120 pig stomachs (60 from intensive and 60 from extensive breeding) were enrolled in this study and 240 fragments of fundic and pyloric mucosa were taken for histopathological examination. By modified Giemsa staining of gastric mucosa, Helicobacter-like organisms were confirmed in 4/60 (6.67%) of pigs in intensive and 5/60 (8.33%) of pigs in extensive breeding. The incidence of tightly spiral shaped Gastrospirillum-like organisms in pigs of intensive and extensive breeding were 5/60 (8.33%) and 9/60 (15%), respectively. The severity of gastritis was scored to the Sydney System with some modifications. There was no significant difference between HLO-positive and HLO-negative fundic mucosa in pigs of both breeding systems. In contrary, there was significant difference between HLO-positive and HLO-negative pyloric mucosa of pigs in intensive (P < 0.001) and in extensive breeding (P < 0.05). In intensive breeding, there was significant difference between GLO-positive and GLO-negative fundic mucosa (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference between GLO-positive and GLO-negative pyloric mucosa.Discussion: The prevalence of Helicobacter spp. bacteria were in coherence with literature data. The higher prevalence of both morfological type of bacteria, were considered in pigs in extensive breeding. the hygienic conditions and managment factors in pigs farm are the possible impact for higher bacterial transmission. The association of high prevalence of H. pylori and poor hygienic condition was shown by epidemiological studies conducted on humans. In both, humans and pigs, the presence of H. pylori correlates with an inflammatory response, but there are differences in inflammatory cell population. In H. pylori infected humans, neutrophils composed the bulk of cellular infiltrate, while in pigs, the primary inflammatory cell was the lymphocyte, which is in accordance to results published by others autors. Thus it indicates that different hosts exhibit a different pathohistological response to the Helicobacter spp. infection. In human as well as in veterinary pathology, the fact of the different pathogenicity of various Helicobacter species is well known. In all HLO-positive pyloric mucosa, moderate to severe focal or diffuse infiltration of mononuclear cells and lymphoid follicles with germinal centers, were observed. A similar conclusion was drawn from results of an experimental infection study in pigs. There was signifficance between HLO-positive and HLO-negative pyloric mucosa in both, intensive and extensive breeding. In the contrast, GLO were not associated with the presence of severe gastritis, but only with mild to moderate superficial infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells in both, fundic and pyloric mucosa. There was no significant difference between GLO-positive and GLO-negative pyloric mucosa of pigs in both breeding systems. Despite the low gastritis score of fundic mucosa in pigs in intensive breeding, there was a significance difference between in GLO-positive and GLO-negative fundic mucosa. It is believed that the possible reason of such results is the meals with low fiber content and low particles size. These results suggest that the presence of HLO, but not of GLO is associated with the pyloric gastritis in pigs

Uticaj različitih rokova primene insekticida na suzbijanje kukuruznog plamenca (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn) u kukuruzu

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most widely grown crop in Serbia, while the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn) is one of the most detrimental species. The larvae of the Europen corn borer (ECB) feed on almost all parts of maize plants causing severe damage to agricultural production. An integrated pest management approach should be implemented to manage this insect species. However, chemical treatment is the most commonly used method for the control of the ECB. The efficacy of various insecticides deployed for this purpose depend not only by the type of the active ingredient, but also by the used amount, type of application and most importantly application timing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the optimal application timing for achieving the highest efficacy rate against this pest. For this purpose an insecticide based on Chlorantraniliprole + Lambda-cyhalothrin was used in three application timings: one at the beginning of the ECB flight period, labelled as 'early' treatment, the second during the peak flight, labelled as 'regular' treatment, and the third two weeks after the peak flight, labelled as 'late' treatment. The results of the trial showed that the 'early' and 'regular' treatments provided the highest efficacy against the ECB, while the 'late' treatment had a significantly lower efficacy. The highest positive effects on yield were observed in the 'early' treatment. The 'late' treatment had a higher impact on yield in both years when compared to the 'regular' treatment.Kukuruz (Zea mays L.) je najzastupljenija ratarska kultura u Srbiji, a kukuruzni plamenac (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn) je jedna od najvažnijih štetočina ove biljne vrste. Larve kukuruznog plamenca oštećuju kako vegetativne tako i generativne organe kukuruza, nanoseći velike štete poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji. Suzbijanje se može vršiti primenom integralnih metoda zaštite, korišćenjem bioloških preparata ili aplikacijom predatora i parazitoida, ali tretman insekticidima ostaje najčešći način smanjenja brojnosti ove vrste insekta. Efikasnost insekticida za suzbijanje kukuruznog plamenca umnogome zavisi ne samo od aktivne supstance insekticida i količine, već i od načina i vremena primene. U radu je ispitivan uticaj vremena tretiranja na broj gusenica i oštećenja kao i prinos tokom dve godine. Korišćen je insekticid na bazi hlorantraniliprol + lambda-cihalotrin primenjen u tri različita roka: prvi rok za vreme početka leta druge generacije kukuruznog plamenca ('rani' tretman), drugi rok u vreme maksimuma leta ('redovni' tretman) i treći rok, dve nedelje nakon maksimuma leta ('kasni' tretman). Na osnovu ostvarenih rezultata može se zaključiti da su 'rani' i 'redovni' tretmani pokazali izuzetno visoku efikasnost u vidu smanjenja broja gusenica i oštećenja, dok je 'kasni' tretman ispoljio značajno nižu ili gotovo nikakvu efikasnost. Dok je u odnosu na prinos, najveći uticaj ostvaren pri 'ranom' tretmanu kukuruza. 'Kasni' tretman ispoljio je bolji pozitivni uticaj na prinos od tretmana u vreme maksimuma leta u obe ispitivane godine

Biodiverzitet gljiva na zrnima kukuruza u ogledu za ispitivanje efikasnosti insekticida

The European corn borer (ECB) Ostrinia nubilalis and Fusarium ear rot Fusarium spp. pose a continuous threat to maize production worldwide. There are several reports indicating that ECB damage to maize ears promotes Fusarium ear rot infection. The aim of this study was to monitor the influence of different insecticide treatments (a.i. chlorantraniliprole, indoxacarb, and chlorantraniliprole+lambda-cyhalothrin) on the ECB and fungal diversity on maize kernels in the field in a four-year trial (2013-2016). A total of 16 different fungal genera were isolated from maize kernels, and Fusarium species were confirmed to be the dominant pathogens, present in all treatments, throughout the four years of experiments. The incidence of Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. was established to be low. Apart from Fusarium species, the most frequent genera were: Aspergillus spp., Mortierella spp., Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Acremonium spp. and Rhizopus spp. Treatments with chlorantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole+lambda-cyhalothrin showed higher efficacy, though not statistically significant, compared to indoxacarb, in reducing the number of ECB larvae and damage they cause. However, no direct effect on the number of isolated fungal genera has been observed in any of the three insecticide treatments.Kukuruzni plamenac (Ostrinia nubilalis) i fuzariozna trulež klipa (Fusarium spp.) pričinjavaju najveće štete u proizvodnji kukuruza. Postoji nekoliko istraživanja koja su potvrdila da, svojom ishranom, larve kukuruznog plamenca doprinose i razvoju fuzarioznih plesnivosti na oštećenjima zrna i klipa kukuruza. Stoga je glavni cilj ovih četvorogodišnjih istraživanja bio da se odredi efikasnost insekticidnih tretmana na smanjenje brojnosti larvi kukuruznog plamenca, kao i njihov uticaj na diverzitet gljiva na zrnima kukuruza. Ukupno 16 različitih rodova gljiva je identifikovano u uzorcima zrna kukuruza tokom četvorogodišnjeg perioda istraživanja. Fusarium vrste su registrovane u svim tretmanima tokom sve četiri godine istraživanja, i svojim procentualnim učešćem potvrdile da su najdominantniji patogeni zrna kukuruza. Pojava vrsta rodova Aspergillus i Penicillium u uzorcima zrna kukuruza je bila slaba. Vrste koje su često bile registrovane zajedno sa Fusarium spp. na zrnima kukuruza su bile: Aspergillus spp., Mortierella spp., Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Acremonium spp. i Rhizopus spp. Tretmani sa hlorantraniliprolom i hrorantraniliprol+lambda-cihalotrinom su pokazali veću efikasnost, ali ne i statistički značajnu, u odnosu na indoksakarb u smanjenju broja larvi kukuruznog plamenca. Takođe, i pored manjeg broja vrsta registrovanih u ova dva tretmana, nije uočen statistički značajan uticaj ni jednog ispitivanog tretmana na broj rodova gljiva prisutnih u uzorcima

Effect of mebendazole on fibrosarcoma in hamsters

Purpose: To investigate the effect of mebendazole on an in vivo solid tumor model of fibrosarcoma in hamsters.Methods: 24 Syrian golden hamsters of both sexes with the approximate body  weight of 100g were randomly distributed in 2 experimental and 2 control groups, with 6 animals in each group. BHK-21/C13 cells (2 x 106) in 1 mL Glasgow Minimum Essential Medium (GMEM) were injected subcutaneously into the back of each animal in 3 groups. The experimental groups were treated with mebendazole  (460 mg/kg) via a gastric tube on a daily basis, immediately after tumor inoculation. In addition, one experimental group received deoxycholic acid 20 mg/kg once a day. After 2 weeks, when the tumors were approximately 1 - 2 cm in the control group, all the animals were sacrificed, and their blood collected for laboratory analysis. The tumors were excised, their weight and diameters measured, and the volumes  calculated. The tumor samples were histopathologically assessed and the main organs toxicologically analyzed. Images were taken and processed by an imaging software, and Ki-67-positive cells in the tumor samples were quantified.Results: Mebendazole diminished tumor mitosis from 18.5 ± 3.02 to 13.5 ± 3.45 (p &lt; 0.05), vasculature and tissue penetration, and increased necroses in tumor  slices. Tumor volume and weight were insignificantly attenuated. Toxicity was not observed.Conclusion: Mebendazole might be an effective non-toxic agent in sarcoma therapy.Keywords: Mebendazole, Hamsters, BHK-21/C13 cells, Fibrosarcoma therapy,  Tumor mitosi

B. burgdorferi infekcija u krpeljma uklonjenih sa ljudi i prisustvo antitela protiv borelija kod pacijenata infestiranih krpeljima

The primary objectives of this study were (1) to determine the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in ticks removed from patients for the purpose of singling out sites with increased risk of Lyme borreliosis, and (2) to determine the presence of IgM and/or IgG antibodies against B. burgdorferi sensu lato (s. l.) complex in sera of patients who had ticks removed. From 108 ticks removed from patients, all were examined zoologically and a sub-sample of 91 ticks was tested using PCR analysis to determine the presence of DNA indicating B. burgdorferi infection. To detect anti-Borrelia IgM and/ or IgG antibodies in 61 patients bitten by ticks, we used line recombinant immunoblot test. The most common tick identified was Ixodes ricinus. B. burgdorferi s. l. was present in 37 of 91 tested ticks (40.7%). Seroconversion against B. burgdorferi s. l. antigen was detected in 12 of 61 patients (19.7%). Most of the infected ticks were from the province of Vojvodina (11 municipalities), with the city of Novi Sad proving to be the site with the highest number of infected ticks, 6 in total.Glavni cilj ove studije je bio da se ispita prisustvo B. burgdorferi infekcije u krpeljma uklonjenih sa pacijenata radi utvđivanja lokaliteta sa povećanim rizikom za obolevanje od lajm borelioze, kao i ispitivanje prisustva IgM i/ili IgG antitela usmerenih protiv B. burgdorferi s. l. kompleksa u serumu pacijenata infestiranih krpeljima. Sa pacijenata je prikupljeno i zoološki ispitano 108 krpelja. PCR analiza krpelja korišc'ena je za utvrđivanje prisustva B. burgdorferi s. l. kompleks kod 91 krpelja od ukupnih 108. Za otkrivanje IgM i/ili IgG antitela protiv B. burgdorferi s. l. korišćeni su linijski rekombinantni imunoblot testovi. Najčešc'i identifikovani krpelj je Ixodes ricinus. B. burgdorferi s. l. je bila prisutna u 37 od 91 testiranog krpelja (40,7%). Prisustvo IgM/IgG antitela protiv B. burgdorferi s. l. otkriveno je kod 12 od 61 pacijenta (19,7%). Najviše inficiarnih krpelja je sa teritorije AP Vojvodine (11 opština), gde je urbani deo Novog Sada lokalitet sa najvećim brojem inficiranih krpelja - 6

Spectral changes of brain activity in rat offspring exposed to aluminium during gestation and lactation

Exposure to aluminium during gestation causes changes in mammalian brain development and behavior. Our aim was to perform spectral analysis on electrocortical activity of Sprague Dawley male pups (30±3 days of age) whose mothers were treated with aluminium during gestation and lactation. There was a higher presence of power spectra in the delta range of parietal electrocortical activity, a lower presence in the theta range and increased values of the parameter DT as the ratio of delta to theta range in pups indirectly exposed to aluminium (whose mothers were drinking a 0.5% water solution of aluminium chloride during the gestation and lactation periods), compared to controls

Impact of arsenic on mouse ovaries over three generations

This study aimed to measure the total arsenic content deposited in the ovaries of three consecutive generations of mice. The animals were treated with two different concentrations to determine whether histological changes were caused in the ovaries. The control group of mice received tap water, whereas the experimental groups were given different concentrations of dissolved arsenic (III)-oxide. The arsenic content in the ovaries in both experimental groups increased with each generation. The highest content was recorded in the third generation of the second experimental group. Between the two experimental groups in each generation, significant differences in the average number of corpora lutea and ovarian follicles were identified. Arsenic caused structural changes in the ovaries in both experimental groups in all three consecutive generations

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Fatty Pancreas in Serbian Patients with Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-A Cross Sectional Study

Background and Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the association between presences of fatty pancreas (FP) with the features of metabolic syndrome (MeS) in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and to establish a new noninvasive scoring system for the prediction of FP in patients with NAFLD. Material and Methods: 143 patients with NAFLD were classified according to FP severity grade into the two groups and evaluated for diagnostic criteria of MeS. All patients underwent sonographic examination with adiposity measurements and the liver biopsy. Liver fibrosis was evaluated semi-quantitatively according to the METAVIR scoring system and using non-invasive markers of hepatic fibrosis. Results: Waist circumference (WC) was predictive for increased risk of FP in NAFLD patients. Elevated fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, serum amylase and lipase levels were associated with presence of severe FP (p value = 0.052, p value = 0.007, p value = 0.014; p value = 0.024, respectively). Presence of increased amounts of mesenteric fat was associated with severe FP (p value = 0.013). The results of this study demonstrated highly significant association between NAFLD and presence of FP. The model for predicting the presence of FP was designed with probability value above 6.5. Conclusion: Pancreatic fat accumulation leads to worsening of pancreatic function which in turns exacerbates severity of metabolic syndrome associated with both, NAFLD and NAFPD