OPPORTUNITIES OF SPORTS DEVELOPMENT IN DELHI

This paper tries to provide a trend analysis of sports promotion and development in the past few years. The analysis is based on the aspects of promotion and development of sports only. It has been found that the sport development has seen various aspects further which provide developmental activity through sport. Further, the sports promotion also has been analyzed with the help of available review of literature and it has been found that sports has been promoted through leagues, events and sporting activities which have an upward trend as reported with the higher fan following in the literature.  Article visualizations

Interleukin-6 in obese type II diabetes with hypertension

Background: Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity are found to be associated with increased incidence of hypertension, although the mechanisms facilitating hypertension in T2DM or nondiabetic individuals are not clear.Methods: We compared the levels of fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, lipid subfractions and inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6), being risk factors previously found to be associated with hypertension, in T2DM patients showing increased body weight (obese and overweight with body mass index, BMI ≥25 kg/m2) with hypertension (group A, n=30), or without hypertension (group B, n=30), and in non-obese (BMI <25 kg/m2), normotensive controls (group C, n=40).Results: BMI, HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were found to be significantly higher in group A, B Vs C (p <0.05). Also, IL-6 levels were significantly higher both in group A and B compared to group C. The highest level of IL-6 was found in group A, being significantly higher than in group B (A: 14.34 ± 4.98 pg/ml; B: 10.66 ± 1.16 pg/ml; C: 7.41 ± 0.54 pg/ml, A vs. B p<0.001; A, B vs. C p<0.001).Conclusions: Our results have shown that appearance of hypertension in T2DM patients with increased body weight was dependent on rise in inflammatory marker IL-6 cytokine.  

Knowledge and Awareness about Cervical Cancer and Its Prevention amongst Interns and Nursing Staff in Tertiary Care Hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan

Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality amongst the gynecological cancers worldwide, especially in developing countries. It is imperative for at least health professionals in developing countries like Pakistan to have a sound knowledge about the disease. This study was carried out to assess the knowledge and awareness about cervical cancer and its prevention amongst health professionals in tertiary care hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan.A cross-sectional, interview based survey was conducted in June, 2009. Sample of 400 was divided between the three tertiary care centers. Convenience sampling was applied as no definitive data was available regarding the number of registered interns and nurses at each center.Of all the interviews conducted, 1.8% did not know cervical cancer as a disease. Only 23.3% of the respondents were aware that cervical cancer is the most common cause of gynecological cancers and 26% knew it is second in rank in mortality. Seventy-eight percent were aware that infection is the most common cause of cervical cancer, of these 62% said that virus is the cause and 61% of the respondents knew that the virus is Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Majority recognized that it is sexually transmitted but only a minority (41%) knew that it can be detected by PCR. Only 26% of the study population was aware of one or more risk factors. Thirty seven percent recognized Pap smear as a screening test. In total only 37 out of 400 respondents were aware of the HPV vaccine.This study serves to highlight that the majority of working health professionals are not adequately equipped with knowledge concerning cervical cancer. Continuing Medical Education program should be started at the hospital level along with conferences to spread knowledge about this disease

Hibiscus sabdariffa L. - A phytochemical and pharmacological review

Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Hs, roselle; Malvaceae) has been used traditionally as a food, in herbal drinks, in hot and cold beverages, as a flavouring agent in the food industry and as a herbal medicine. In vitro and in vivo studies as well as some clinical trials provide some evidence mostly for phytochemically poorly characterised Hs extracts. Extracts showed antibacterial, anti-oxidant, nephro- and hepato-protective, renal/diuretic effect, effects on lipid metabolism (anti-cholesterol), anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive effects among others. This might be linked to strong antioxidant activities, inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase, inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE), and direct vaso-relaxant effect or calcium channel modulation. Phenolic acids (esp. protocatechuic acid), organic acid (hydroxycitric acid and hibiscus acid) and anthocyanins (delphinidin-3-sambubioside and cyanidin-3-sambubioside) are likely to contribute to the reported effects. More well designed controlled clinical trials are needed which use phytochemically characterised preparations. Hs has an excellent safety and tolerability record. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd

Interleukin-6 in obese type II diabetes with hypertension

Background: Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity are found to be associated with increased incidence of hypertension, although the mechanisms facilitating hypertension in T2DM or nondiabetic individuals are not clear.Methods: We compared the levels of fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, lipid subfractions and inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6), being risk factors previously found to be associated with hypertension, in T2DM patients showing increased body weight (obese and overweight with body mass index, BMI ≥25 kg/m2) with hypertension (group A, n=30), or without hypertension (group B, n=30), and in non-obese (BMI &lt;25 kg/m2), normotensive controls (group C, n=40).Results: BMI, HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were found to be significantly higher in group A, B Vs C (p &lt;0.05). Also, IL-6 levels were significantly higher both in group A and B compared to group C. The highest level of IL-6 was found in group A, being significantly higher than in group B (A: 14.34 ± 4.98 pg/ml; B: 10.66 ± 1.16 pg/ml; C: 7.41 ± 0.54 pg/ml, A vs. B p&lt;0.001; A, B vs. C p&lt;0.001).Conclusions: Our results have shown that appearance of hypertension in T2DM patients with increased body weight was dependent on rise in inflammatory marker IL-6 cytokine.  

Some novel insights on HPV16 related cervical cancer pathogenesis based on analyses of LCR methylation, viral load, E7 and E2/E4 expressions.

This study was undertaken to decipher the interdependent roles of (i) methylation within E2 binding site I and II (E2BS-I/II) and replication origin (nt 7862) in the long control region (LCR), (ii) expression of viral oncogene E7, (iii) expression of the transcript (E7-E1/E4) that encodes E2 repressor protein and (iv) viral load, in human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) related cervical cancer (CaCx) pathogenesis. The results revealed over-representation (p<0.001) of methylation at nucleotide 58 of E2BS-I among E2-intact CaCx cases compared to E2-disrupted cases. Bisulphite sequencing of LCR revealed overrepresentation of methylation at nucleotide 58 or other CpGs in E2BS-I/II, among E2-intact cases than E2-disrupted cases and lack of methylation at replication origin in case of both. The viral transcript (E7-E1/E4) that produces the repressor E2 was analyzed by APOT (amplification of papillomavirus oncogenic transcript)-coupled-quantitative-RT-PCR (of E7 and E4 genes) to distinguish episomal (pure or concomitant with integrated) from purely integrated viral genomes based on the ratio, E7 C(T)/E4 C(T). Relative quantification based on comparative C(T) (threshold cycle) method revealed 75.087 folds higher E7 mRNA expression in episomal cases over purely integrated cases. Viral load and E2 gene copy numbers were negatively correlated with E7 C(T) (p = 0.007) and E2 C(T) (p<0.0001), respectively, each normalized with ACTB C(T), among episomal cases only. The k-means clustering analysis considering E7 C(T) from APOT-coupled-quantitative-RT-PCR assay, in conjunction with viral load, revealed immense heterogeneity among the HPV16 positive CaCx cases portraying integrated viral genomes. The findings provide novel insights into HPV16 related CaCx pathogenesis and highlight that CaCx cases that harbour episomal HPV16 genomes with intact E2 are likely to be distinct biologically, from the purely integrated viral genomes in terms of host genes and/or pathways involved in cervical carcinogenesis

Overview on current approach on recurrent miscarriage and threatened miscarriage

Miscarriage is a frequent outcome of pregnancy, with major emotional implications to the couple experiencing such an event. Threatened miscarriage is the commonest complication of early pregnancy and affects about 20% of pregnancies. It presents with vaginal bleeding with or without abdominal cramps. On the other hand recurrent miscarriages are post implantation failures in natural conception. Increasing age of women, smoking, obesity or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and a previous history of miscarriage are risk factors for threatened miscarriage. The pathophysiology has been associated with changes in levels of cytokines or maternal immune dysfunction. Clinical history and examination, maternal serum biochemistry and ultrasound findings are important to determine the treatment options and provide valuable information for the prognosis. Many surgical and non-surgical interventions are used in the management of threatened and recurrent miscarriages. In this review, we present available evidence-based guidance on the incidence, pathophysiology, investigation and clinical management of recurrent miscarriage and threatened miscarriage, focusing mainly on the first trimester of pregnancy and primary healthcare settings. The review is structured to be clinically relevant. We have critically appraised the evidence to produce a concise answer for clinical practice