Tides in colliding galaxies

Long tails and streams of stars are the most noticeable upshots of galaxy collisions. Their origin as gravitational, tidal, disturbances has however been recognized only less than fifty years ago and more than ten years after their first observations. This Review describes how the idea of galactic tides emerged, in particular thanks to the advances in numerical simulations, from the first ones that included tens of particles to the most sophisticated ones with tens of millions of them and state-of-the-art hydrodynamical prescriptions. Theoretical aspects pertaining to the formation of tidal tails are then presented. The third part of the review turns to observations and underlines the need for collecting deep multi-wavelength data to tackle the variety of physical processes exhibited by collisional debris. Tidal tails are not just stellar structures, but turn out to contain all the components usually found in galactic disks, in particular atomic / molecular gas and dust. They host star-forming complexes and are able to form star-clusters or even second-generation dwarf galaxies. The final part of the review discusses what tidal tails can tell us (or not) about the structure and content of present-day galaxies, including their dark components, and explains how tidal tails may be used to probe the past evolution of galaxies and their mass assembly history. On-going deep wide-field surveys disclose many new low-surface brightness structures in the nearby Universe, offering great opportunities for attempting galactic archeology with tidal tails.Comment: 46 pages, 13 figures, Review to be published in "Tidal effects in Astronomy and Astrophysics", Lecture Notes in Physics. Comments are most welcom

A new methodology to test galaxy formation models using the dependence of clustering on stellar mass

We present predictions for the two-point correlation function of galaxy clustering as a function of stellar mass, computed using two new versions of the GALFORM semi-analytic galaxy formation model. These models make use of a high resolution, large volume N-body simulation, set in the 7-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe cosmology. One model uses a universal stellar initial mass function (IMF), while the other assumes different IMFs for quiescent star formation and bursts. Particular consideration is given to how the assumptions required to estimate the stellar masses of observed galaxies (such as the choice of IMF, stellar population synthesis model, and dust extinction) influence the perceived dependence of galaxy clustering on stellar mass. Broad-band spectral energy distribution fitting is carried out to estimate stellar masses for the model galaxies in the same manner as in observational studies. We show clear differences between the clustering signals computed using the true and estimated model stellar masses. As such, we highlight the importance of applying our methodology to compare theoretical models to observations. We introduce an alternative scheme for the calculation of the merger time-scales for satellite galaxies in GALFORM, which takes into account the dark matter subhalo information from the simulation. This reduces the amplitude of small-scale clustering. The new merger scheme offers improved or similar agreement with observational clustering measurements, over the redshift range 0 < z < 0.7. We find reasonable agreement with clustering measurements from the Galaxy and Mass Assembly Survey, but find larger discrepancies for some stellar mass ranges and separation scales with respect to measurements from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey, depending on the GALFORM model used

Lightcone mock catalogues from semi-analytic models of galaxy formation - I. Construction and application to the BzK colour selection

We introduce a method for constructing end-to-end mock galaxy catalogues using a semi-analytical model of galaxy formation, applied to the halo merger trees extracted from a cosmological N-body simulation. The mocks that we construct are lightcone catalogues, in which a galaxy is placed according to the epoch at which it first enters the past lightcone of the observer, and incorporate the evolution of galaxy properties with cosmic time. We determine the position between the snapshot outputs at which a galaxy enters the observer's lightcone by interpolation. As an application, we consider the effectiveness of the BzK colour selection technique, which was designed to isolate galaxies in the redshift interval 1.4 < z < 2.5. The mock catalogue is in reasonable agreement with the observed number counts of all BzK galaxies, as well as with the observed counts of the subsample of BzKs that are star-forming galaxies. We predict that over 75 per cent of the model galaxies with KAB ≤ 23, and 1.4 < z < 2.5, are selected by the BzK technique. Interloper galaxies, outside the intended redshift range, are predicted to dominate bright samples of BzK galaxies (i.e. with KAB ≤ 21). Fainter K-band cuts are necessary to reduce the predicted interloper fraction. We also show that shallow B-band photometry can lead to confusion in classifying BzK galaxies as being star forming or passively evolving. Overall, we conclude that the BzK colour selection technique is capable of providing a sample of galaxies that is representative of the 1.4 < z < 2.5 galaxy population

A comparison of heart rate variability in women at the third trimester of pregnancy and during low-risk labour

FSW - Self-regulation models for health behavior and psychopathology - ou

Melhoramento do trigo: XXVIII. Novos genótipos obtidos por seleções em população segregante interespecífica submetida a irradiação gama Wheat breeding: XXVIII. New genotypes obtained by selections in a interespecific segregating population submitted to gamma irradiation

Compararam-se 23 linhagens provindas de seleções em população submetida à irradiação gama (27,5 krad), em geração F4, do cruzamento interespecífico entre 'BH-1146' (Triticum aestivum L.) e 'Anhinga' "S" x Winged "S" (Triticum durum L.) e os cultivares BH-1146 e Yavaros "S" (T. durum L.) em nove ensaios, denominados "Novas variedades III", instalados em condições de irrigação por aspersão e de sequeiro, analisando-se a produção de grãos, outros componentes da produção e resistência às doenças. Em condição de laboratório, estudou-se a tolerância ao alumínio em soluções nutritivas. As linhagens 11, 12, 13 e 14, de porte médio, com moderada resistência ao acamamento, com ciclo médio da emergência ao florescimento e tolerância à toxicidade de alumínio, destacaram-se quanto à produção de grãos, considerando-se a média dos nove experimentos. Yavaros "S" e as linhagens 8 e 12 apresentaram-se, ao mesmo tempo, imunes ao agente causal da ferrugem-da-folha e moderadamente resistentes ao agente causal de oídio. Todos os genótipos foram suscetíveis aos agentes causais de manchas foliares. As linhagens 3, 9 e 10 mostraram ser fontes genéticas de espiga comprida; a 12, de maior número de espiguetas por espiga; as linhagens 12, 13 e 14, de maior número de grãos por espiga; Yavaros "S", de maior número de grãos por espigueta, e 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 15 e Yavaros "S", de grãos mais pesados. Todos os genótipos se mostraram tolerantes à toxicidade de Al3+, com exceção de Yavaros "S" e das linhagens 9 e 15, que exibiram elevada sensibilidade.<br>Twenty three selected lines originated from population submitted to gamma irradiation (27.5 krad), in the F4 generation, from the interespecific hybrid between BH-1146 (Triticum aestivum L.) and Anhinga "S" x Winged "S" (Triticum durum L.) and the check cultivars BH 1146 and Yavaros "S" (T durum L.) were evaluated in nine trials, named "New Varieties 111". Evaluation trials were carried out at different locations under upland and sprinkler irrigation conditions, for grain yield, yield components and disease resistance. In laboratory conditions, the germplasms were evaluated for their Al toxicity tolerance in nutrient solutions. The lines 11, 12, 13 and 14 presenting semidwarf plant type, moderate lodging resistance, medium cycle from emergence to flowering and tolerance to aluminum toxicity showed higher productivity in the average of nine experiments. Yavaros "S" and the lines 8 and 12 showed at the same time immune to the causal agent of leaf rust and moderate resistance to the causal agent of mildew, in adult stage. All analysed genotypes were susceptible to the causal agent of leaf spots. The lines 3, 9 and 10 showed to be good genetic sources for long spike; the line 12 for large number of spikelets per spike; the lines 12, 13 and 14 for large number of grains per spike; Yavaros "S" for higher number of grains por spikelet; and the lines 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10 and 15, and Yavaros "S", for high grain weight. All of them were tolerant to aluminum toxicity excepting Yavaros "S" and the lines 9 and 15 which exhibited high sensibility

Herança da tolerância ao alumínio em populações híbridas de trigo Inheritance of aluminum tolerance in wheat hybrid populations

Plântulas originárias de populações híbridas, em geração F2, de 26 cruzamentos entre cultivares de trigo tolerantes (BH-1146, IAC-227, IAC-24, IAC-60, C-3, IAC-5, IAC-18 e IAC-21) e sensíveis (Anahuac 75, IAC-287, IAC-289, Siete Cerros e Veery "S") à toxicidade de alumínio e de 18 cruzamentos entre cultivares tolerantes (BH-1146, IAC-227, IAC-24, IAC-60, C-3, IAC-5, IAC-21, C-17, IAC-74 e IAC-18) foram avaliadas em relação à tolerância a 3 mg/L de Al3+, empregando soluções nutritivas. A tolerância à toxicidade de alumínio foi medida pela capacidade de crescimento da raiz primária central em solução nutritiva completa, após um tratamento de 48 horas em solução contendo 3 mg/L de Al3+. Avaliando-se as plântulas das populações F2 provindas de cruzamentos entre cultivares tolerantes e sensíveis, verificou-se que a tolerância à toxicidade de Al3+ foi dominante, e que em 24 dos cruzamentos, as cultivares tolerantes diferiram das sensíveis por um par de genes. Não foi detectada diferença entre as cultivares tolerantes em relação ao par de genes dominantes em relação à tolerância. Qualquer uma dessas cultivares poderá ser utilizada como fonte de tolerância num programa de cruzamentos em que essa característica for desejada.<br>Seedlings originated from hybrid populations, in F2 generation, from 26 crosses between tolerant wheat cultivars (BH-1146, IAC-227, IAC-24, IAC-60, C-3, IAC-5, IAC-18 and IAC-21) and sensitive cultivars (Anahuac 75, IAC-287, IAC-289, Siete Cerros and Veery "S") to aluminum toxicity and from 18 crosses between tolerant cultivars (BH-1146, IAC-227, IAC-24, IAC-60, C-3, IAC-5, IAC-21, C-17, IAC-74 and IAC-18) were evaluated for tolerance to 3 mg/L of Al3+, using nutrient solutions. It was considered tolerant the plant that was able to show root regrowth of the central primary root in the complete nutrient solution after a treatment of 48 hours in solution containing 3 mg/L of Al3+. The evaluation of the seedlings from the F2 populations originated from the tolerant and sensitive crosses showed that the tolerance to Al3+ toxicity was dominant and in 24 of the crosses the tolerant cultivars differed from the sensitive by one pair of genes. No difference was observed between the tolerant cultivars in relation to the pair of genes for the tolerance. Each one of these cultivars could be used as tolerance source in a crossing program, where this trait would be desired