Inteligencia ambiental en el Internet de las cosas

En la actualidad, existe un concepto que está cobrando especial relevancia, el cual es conocido como IoT (Internet of Things, Internet de las Cosas) [1]. En el IoT [2] se define la interconexión digital de objetos cotidianos con internet, esto significa que no sólo “los humanos” tenemos la capacidad de conectarnos a internet, sino que caminamos hacia una nueva era donde prácticamente cualquier cosa podría ser conectada a internet, desde un reloj (smartwatch), como tenemos en la actualidad, hasta una nevera, una persiana, una sartén, etc. En este proyecto se ha querido aplicar ciertas fases del IoT, para convertir una información ambiental poco sesgada, proporcionada por una pequeña estación meteorológica, en un valor adicional a la hora de tomar decisiones basadas en las variables ambientales, para determinar, según un proceso de aprendizaje automático, la sensación que una persona percibe en relación al tiempo meteorológico en un determinado momento. Para ello utilizamos una serie de sensores que se encargan de darnos la información ambiental necesaria (como la temperatura, humedad y presión atmosférica) una fuente de procesamiento como puede ser un micro-controlador, para después poder manejarla y procesarla en la nube, de forma remota, adquiriendo así el valor añadido que se espera en el IoT. Además, en este proyecto se aplican técnicas de Inteligencia Artificial para ayudar al usuario en esa toma de decisiones, mediante un proceso de entrenamiento previo, que permite obtener información relevante para aplicarla posteriormente en el contexto meteorológico mencionado. Para manejar todos estos conceptos y elementos, se hace uso de servicios Web, bases de datos, procesamiento y aprendizaje automático, integrando todos los servicios en una misma plataforma que facilite la comunicación de todos los elementos involucrados

Beneficios del ejercicio físico en mujeres diagnosticadas de cáncer de seno invasivo. Una revisión sistemática

The aim of the study was to analyze the benefits that physical exercise produces in women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer and are between stages I to IIIA, receiving chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or both simultaneously. The PubMed and Google Scholar databases were consulted until April 2022, yielding a total of 29,410 results. After applying the exclusion criteria, the number of selected articles that provided relevant data for the study was reduced to seven. The authors suggest that practicing aerobic training for a period of twelve to sixteen weeks at a rate of two days a week, in sessions lasting less than one hour and intensities of between 60%-80% of the HRmax generated beneficial adaptations. Similarly, practicing strength training at intensities between 60%-80% of 1RM, generated improvements in health status, psychological parameters and decreased pain symptoms and fatigue, among others. The study concludes that the practice of physical exercise by these patients, in the modalities of aerobic or strength training in a supervised and personalized manner, was beneficial, totally safe, and generated benefits such as the reduction of the sensation of fatigue, the reinforcement of the musculature, or the contribution to the daily physical activity did not decrease, which implicitly led to an improvement in the quality of life.El objetivo del estudio fue analizar los beneficios que el ejercicio físico produce en mujeres diagnosticadas de cáncer de seno invasivo y se encuentran entre las fases I a IIIA, recibiendo tratamiento de quimioterapia, radioterapia o ambos simultáneamente. Las bases de datos de PubMed y Google Académico fueron consultadas hasta abril de 2022 arrojando un total de 29.410 resultados. Tras aplicar los criterios de exclusión fijados, el número de artículos seleccionados que aportaban datos relevantes para el desarrollo del estudio se redujeron a siete. Los autores demostraron que practicar ejercicio aeróbico durante un periodo de entre doce y dieciséis semanas a razón de dos días semanales, en sesiones inferiores a la hora de duración y en las que se realicen ejercicios a intensidades entre el 60%-80% de la FCmáx generaba adaptaciones beneficiosas. De igual manera, practicar entrenamiento de fuerza a intensidades entre el 60%-80% de la 1RM, generó mejoras en el estado de salud, los parámetros psicológicos y disminuyó los síntomas de dolor y la fatiga, entre otros. El estudio concluyó que la práctica de ejercicio físico en estas pacientes, incluyendo las modalidades de entrenamiento aeróbico o de fuerza de manera supervisada y personalizada, resultaba beneficioso, totalmente seguro y generaba beneficios tales como: la disminución de la sensación de fatiga, el refuerzo de la musculatura o la contribución a la adherencia de actividad física diaria, lo que resultó en una mejora en su calidad de vida

Gender Differences on Motor Competence in 5-Year-Old Preschool Children Regarding Relative Age

The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences on motor competence between 5-year-old boys and girls and to investigate the existence of Relative Age Effect (RAE) on their motor competence. A total of 232 preschool children were evaluated of whom 134 (57.8%) were boys and 98 (42.2%) were girls. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) was used to collect data. The data show a main effect on gender factor; there was a main effect in total score of manual dexterity (MD; p = 0.010), in total score of balance (Bal; p < 0.001), in total test score (TTS; p < 0.001), and in total percentile score (TPS, p < 0.001). In the semester of birth factor, there were differences in aiming and catching (A&C, p < 0.001), in Bal (p = 0.029) and in total percentile score (TPS, p = 0.010). Girls perform better in MD, Bal, TTS, and TPS than boys. Preschool children born in the first semester obtain, in general, a higher percentage and a higher percentile than their peers born in the second one. RAE is present in A&C, Bal, and TPS, with higher scores obtained by preschool children born in the first semester compared to those born in the second oneS

Study of Motor Competence in 4–5-Year-Old Preschool Children: Are There Differences among Public and Private Schools?

[Abstract] The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate the presence of preschool children with severe motor difficulties (SMDs) and (2) to evaluate the existence of differences in the motor competence (MC) of preschool children from public and private schools based on gender. A total of 581 preschool children (4.66 ± 0.52 years) from Galicia (Spain) were assessed. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) was used to collect the data. Preschool children from public schools presented a greater number of SMDs (OR = 20.65; CI = 9.99–85.53; p < 0.001). Preschool children from private schools have higher scores on the variables studied (for example, manual dexterity (p < 0.001), aiming and catching (p < 0.001), balance (p < 0.001), total test score (p < 0.001), and total percentage score (p < 0.001)). Regarding the gender factor, differences were found in manual dexterity (p < 0.001), aiming and catching (p = 0.014), balance (p < 0.001), total test score (p < 0.001), total percentage score (p < 0.001), and in the interaction of both factors in balance (p < 0.001), total global score (p = 0.004), and total percentage score (p < 0.001). Preschool children from private schools are less likely to have severe movement problems and score higher on all dimensions of the MABC-2 than preschool children from public schools analyzed in this study. Likewise, girls score higher than boys in all dimensions, except in aiming and catching

La influencia del ciclo menstrual en el entrenamiento de fuerza: revisión bibliográfica

Introduction: To evaluate the existing scientific literature on the relationship between hormonal fluctuations and the ability to produce strength, and to establish which phase of the MC is the most appropriate to apply greater load in strength training. Method: A bibliographic search was carried out using the PubMed database. The articles included were those written in English or Spanish and related to strength production in eumenorrheic women. Results: In terms of grip strength, very different results were obtained, which may derive from the level of training of the participants, as well as from the method used to determine the phases since few of them coincided. If we observe those related to isometric strength, no significant differences were obtained throughout the menstrual cycle, although it would be necessary to look at the phases evaluated and the method used to evaluate these phases. Regarding lower limb strength, the results indicated better strength values in the follicular phase. Finally, the results related to maximum voluntary contraction indicated better values in the luteal and ovulation phases. Discussion and conclusion: In conclusion, the capacity to produce force is greater in different phases according to the strength test performed, the greatest uncertainty was in the grip strength where it is not clear which phase produces the greatest force since the results are very different. However, it seems that the capacity to generate isometric force does not vary throughout the menstrual cycle and the maximum force is related to the follicular phase where the estrogen peak occurs. As for maximal voluntary contraction, two different results are given that offer doubts as to which phase generates more of this type of force.Introducción: Evaluar la literatura científica existente sobre la relación entre las fluctuaciones hormonales y la capacidad de producir fuerza, y establecer qué fase del CM es la más adecuada para aplicar mayor carga en entrenamiento de fuerza. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica a través de la base de datos PubMed. Los artículos incluidos fueron aquellos que estuvieran redactados en inglés o español y que estuvieran relacionados con la producción de fuerza en mujeres eumenorreicas. Resultados: En cuanto a la fuerza de prensión se obtuvieron resultados muy dispares que pueden derivar del nivel de entrenamiento de las participantes, así como del método utilizado para determinar las fases, ya que pocos coincidieron. Si observamos los estudios relacionados con la fuerza isométrica no se obtuvieron diferencias significativas a lo largo del ciclo menstrual, aunque habría que fijarse en las fases evaluadas y el método para evaluar dichas fases. En cuanto a la fuerza del miembro inferior los resultados indicaron mejores valores de fuerza en la fase folicular. Por último, los resultados relacionados con la contracción voluntaria máxima indicaron mejores valores en la fase lútea y de ovulación. Discusión y conclusión: En conclusión, la capacidad de producir fuerza es mayor en diferentes fases según la prueba de fuerza realizada, la mayor incertidumbre se dio en la fuerza de prensión donde no queda clara cuál es la fase en la que se produce mayor fuerza ya que los resultados son muy diferentes. Sin embargo, parece que la capacidad para generar fuerza isométrica no varía a lo largo del ciclo menstrual y la fuerza máxima está relacionada con la fase folicular donde se da el pico de estrógeno. En cuanto a la contracción voluntaria máxima se dan dos resultados diferentes que ofrecen dudas sobre en qué fase se genera más este tipo de fuerza

Central and peripheral fatigue in recreational trail runners: A pilot study

[Abstract]: Background: Understanding fatigue mechanisms is crucial for exercise performance. However, scientific evidence on non-invasive methods for assessing fatigue in trail running competitions is scarce, especially when vertical kilometer trail running races (VK) are considered. The main purpose of this study was to assess the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity (i.e., central fatigue) and the state of muscle activation (i.e., peripheral fatigue) before and after a VK competition. Methods: A cross-sectional pilot study was performed. After applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 8 recreational male trail runners (31.63 7.21 yrs, 1.75 m 0.05 m, 70.38 5.41 kg, BMI: 22.88 0.48, running experience: 8.0 3.63 yrs, weekly training volume: 58.75 10.35 km) volunteered to participate and were assessed for both central (i.e., via heart rate variability, HRV) and peripheral (via tensiomyography, TMG) fatigue before and after a VK race. Results: After the VK, resting heart rate, RMSSD (p = 0.01 for both) and SDNN significantly decreased (p = 0.02), while the stress score and the sympathetic-parasympathetic ratio increased (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively). The TMG analyses suggest that runners already suffered peripheral fatigue before the VK and that 20–30 min are enough for muscular recovery after the race. In summary, our data suggest that participants experienced a pre-competition fatigue status. Further longitudinal studies are necessary to investigate the mechanisms underlying fatigue during trail running races, while training periodization and tapering strategies could play a key role for minimizing pre-competition fatigue status

Revisión sistemática sobre la mejora de la velocidad en jugadores de fútbol sub-19

The objective was to compare and analyze the effectiveness of different training methodologies for speed improvement in U-19 soccer players. A systematic review literature study was carried out. Using the PRISMA statement, a bibliographic search was carried out through the PubMed database. Articles were included that were intervention studies written in Spanish or English, carried out in players aged 10 to 19 years that had at least one plyometric, strength, or sprint training method for speed improvement and that had an evaluation of sprinting. The results of the interventions showed benefits in speed improvement through the plyometric method (TE=0.66) in 20 m test, explosive strength (TE=0.64) in 5 m test, and sprint (TE=0.33) in 20 m test. It can be concluded that the explosive strength method obtains greater benefits in short distances (5-10 m) when low intensities are used and in 17-year-old players; the ideal training volume is 2 sessions per week. The sprint method at longer distances (20-30 m) in 14–15-year-olds, with a training volume of one or two sessions per week. Plyometrics achieves the same benefits over short and long distances (5-30 m) for ages 15-16 years with no noticeable difference in training volume.El objetivo fue comparar y analizar la efectividad de diferentes metodologías de entrenamiento para la mejora de la velocidad en futbolistas sub-19. Se llevó a cabo un estudio bibliográfico de revisión sistemática. Mediante la declaración PRISMA, se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica a través de la base de datos PubMed. Se incluyeron artículos que fueran estudios de intervención escritos en castellano o en inglés, llevados a cabo en jugadores de 10 a 19 años, que tuvieran al menos un método de entrenamiento pliométrico, de fuerza o de sprint para la mejora de la velocidad y que tuvieran una evaluación del sprint. Los resultados de las intervenciones mostraron beneficios en la mejora de la velocidad a través del método pliométrico (TE=0,66) en test de 20 m, fuerza explosiva (TE=0,64) en test de 5 m y sprint (TE=0,33) en test de 20 m. Se puede llegar a la conclusión de que el método de fuerza explosiva obtiene mayores beneficios en las distancias cortas (5-10 m) cuando se emplean intensidades bajas y en jugadores de 17 años, el volumen de entrenamiento ideal es de 2 sesiones por semana. El método de sprint en distancias más largas (20-30 m) en edades de 14-15 años, con un volumen de entrenamiento de una o dos sesiones por semana. El pliométrico logra los mismos beneficios en distancias cortas y largas (5-30 m) para edades de 15-16 años y sin diferencias notables en el volumen de entrenamiento

Growth and survival of Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier 1797) paralarvae fed on three artemia- based diet complemented with frozem flish flakes crushed zooplankton and marine microalgae

During one month, paralarvae of common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) were fed 3 different diets: (1) Artemia sp. enriched with Isochrysis galbana (AI) complemented with sand eel (Hyperoplus lanceolatus) flakes (AH); (2) Artemia sp. enriched with crushed marine zooplankton (AZ); and (3) Artemia sp. cultured with Isochrysis galbana and further enriched with the microalga Nannochloropsis sp. (AN). The highest dry weight (1.6179±0.3861 mg) was registered with the AN diet and the best average survival (67.0%) with the AZ diet. Considering the highest dry weight obtained, the moderate high survival and the fact that with this diet it was possible to attain the adult stage, the AN diet was the most appropriate. The reasons for the best result in growth observed with AN are discussed as: (1) the combination of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) provided by Isochrysis galbana and the high eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content present in Nannochloropsis sp.; (2) the fact that the higher protein/lipid ratio of this diet improves the final dry weight of the paralarvae; and (3) the fact that Nannochloropsis sp. could inhibit the harmful microflora growth in the rearing tank. Regarding nutritional aspects, DHA content per se is not the only determinant factor for growth and survival of O. vulgaris paralarvae, but the presence of a high protein/lipid ratio and a high phospholipid content in the diet could possibly explain the better quality and strength of the paralarvae.Paralarvas de pulpo común (Octopus vulgaris) fueron alimentadas, durante un mes, con tres dietas diferentes: (1) Artemia sp. enriquecida con Isochrysis galbana (AI) complementada con laminillas de lanzón (Hyperoplus lanceolatus) congelado (AH); (2) Artemia sp. enriquecida con zooplancton marino congelado (AZ) y (3) Artemia sp. cultivada con Isochrysis galbana y posteriormente enriquecida con la microalga Nannochloropsis sp. (AN). El peso seco más alto (1.6179±0.3861 mg) fue registrado con la dieta AN y la mejor supervivencia media (67.0%) con la dieta AZ. La dieta AN fue la más apropiada teniendo en cuenta el peso seco más alto, la supervivencia moderadamente elevada y el hecho de que con esta dieta fue posible alcanzar el estadio adulto. Se discuten las causas del mejor resultado de crecimiento observado con AN: (1) la combinación de DHA proporcionada por Isochrysis galbana y el alto contenido en EPA presente en Nannochloropsis sp.; (2) el ratio proteínas/lípidos más elevado de esta dieta puede mejorar el peso seco final de las paralarvas; y (3) es posible que Nannochloropsis sp. inhiba el crecimiento de microflora dañina en el tanque de cultivo. Con respecto a los aspectos nutricionales, el contenido en DHA per se no es el único factor determinante para el crecimiento y supervivencia de paralarvas de O. vulgaris, pero la presencia de un ratio proteínas/lípidos alto y un elevado contenido en fosfolípidos en la dieta podría determinar la mejor calidad y fortaleza de las paralarvas

Training Habits of Eumenorrheic Active Women during the Different Phases of Their Menstrual Cycle: A Descriptive Study

This research was supported by the Pre-competitive Projects for Early Stage Researchers Program from the University of Granada (ref: PPJIA2020.03). The authors would like to thank all the participants.This study meets the ethical standards of theWorld Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki (2013), and it was approved by the Institutional Review Board (Universidad de La Frontera, Temucho, Chile, 005_19).Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.The purpose of this study was to examine the training habits of eumenorrheic active women during their menstrual cycle (MC), and its perceived influence on physical performance regarding their athletic level. A group of 1250 sportswomen filled in a questionnaire referring to demographic information, athletic performance and MC-related training habits. Of the participants, 81% reported having a stable duration of MC, with most of them (57%) lasting 26-30 days. Concerning MC-related training habits, 79% indicated that their MC affects athletic performance, although 71% did not consider their MC in their training program, with no differences or modifications in training volume or in training intensity for low-level athletes (LLA) and high-level athletes (HLA) with hormonal contraceptive (HC) use. However, LLA with a normal MC adapted their training habits more, compared with HLA, also stopping their training (47.1% vs. 16.1%, respectively). Thus, different training strategies should be designed for HLA and LLA with a normal MC, but this is not so necessary for HLA and LLA who use HC. To sum up, training adaptations should be individually designed according to the training level and use or non-use of HC, always taking into account the pain suffered during the menstrual phase in most of the athletes.Pre-competitive Projects for Early Stage Researchers Program from the University of Granada PPJIA2020.0

Effects of the Menstrual Cycle on Jumping, Sprinting and Force-Velocity Profiling in Resistance-Trained Women: A Preliminary Study

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of the menstrual cycle on vertical jumping, sprint performance and force-velocity profiling in resistance-trained women. A group of resistancetrained eumenorrheic women (n = 9) were tested in three phases over the menstrual cycle: bleeding phase, follicular phase, and luteal phase (i.e., days 1–3, 7–10, and 19–21 of the cycle, respectively). Each testing phase consisted of a battery of jumping tests (i.e., squat jump [SJ], countermovement jump [CMJ], drop jump from a 30 cm box [DJ30], and the reactive strength index) and 30 m sprint running test. Two different applications for smartphone (My Jump 2 and My Sprint) were used to record the jumping and sprinting trials, respectively, at high speed (240 fps). The repeated measures ANOVA reported no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05, ES < 0.25) in CMJ, DJ30, reactive strength index and sprint times between the different phases of the menstrual cycle. A greater SJ height performance was observed during the follicular phase compared to the bleeding phase (p = 0.033, ES = −0.22). No differences (p ≥ 0.05, ES < 0.45) were found in the CMJ and sprint force-velocity profile over the different phases of the menstrual cycle. Vertical jump, sprint performance and the force-velocity profiling remain constant in trained women, regardless of the phase of the menstrual cycle.Pre-competitive Projects for Early Stage Researchers Programme from the University of Granada (ref: PPJIA2020.03