24 research outputs found

    Variabilité démographique et adaptation de la gestion aux changements climatiques en forêt de montagne : calibration par Calcul Bayésien Approché et projection avec le modèle Samsara2

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    The spruce-fir-beech mountain forests could be particularly threatened by the global warming. To better understand the future dynamics of these forests and adapt the silviculture to these new conditions, a better knowledge of the environmental factors affecting the species demograhics is needed. We studied this issue by combining a historical management data set, the forest dynamics model Samsara2 and a calibration method based on Approximate Bayesian Computation. We were able thus to study jointly the different demographic process in these forests. Our analysis show that the forest demographics can strongly vary between stands and that climate is not always determining to explain these variations. The unven-aged management currently applied seem adapted for the mixed stands located in mesic conditions, but the pure spruce forests and the low elevation stands could be highly impacted.Les hêtraies-sapinières-pessières de montagne paraissent particulièrement menacées par le réchauffement climatique. Pour appréhender la dynamique future de ces forêts et adapter la sylviculture à ces nouvelles conditions, il est important de mieux connaître les facteurs environnementaux impactant la démographie de ces espèces. Nous avons abordé cette problématique en combinant des données historiques de gestion, le modèle de dynamique forestière Samsara2 et une méthode de calibration basée sur le Calcul Bayésien Approché. Nous avons ainsi pu étudier conjointement les différents processus démographiques dans ces forêts. Nos analyses montrent que la démographie forestière peut varier fortement entre les parcelles et que le climat n'est pas toujours déterminant pour expliquer ces variations. Ainsi, malgré les changements climatiques attendus, la gestion irrégulière pratiquée actuellement devrait permettre de maintenir les services rendus par les peuplements mélangés situés en conditions mésiques

    Variabilité démographique et adaptation de la gestion aux changements climatiques en forêt de montagne : calibration par Calcul Bayésien Approché et projection avec le modèle Samsara2

    No full text
    The spruce-fir-beech mountain forests could be particularly threatened by the global warming. To better understand the future dynamics of these forests and adapt the silviculture to these new conditions, a better knowledge of the environmental factors affecting the species demograhics is needed. We studied this issue by combining a historical management data set, the forest dynamics model Samsara2 and a calibration method based on Approximate Bayesian Computation. We were able thus to study jointly the different demographic process in these forests. Our analysis show that the forest demographics can strongly vary between stands and that climate is not always determining to explain these variations. The unven-aged management currently applied seem adapted for the mixed stands located in mesic conditions, but the pure spruce forests and the low elevation stands could be highly impacted.Les hêtraies-sapinières-pessières de montagne paraissent particulièrement menacées par le réchauffement climatique. Pour appréhender la dynamique future de ces forêts et adapter la sylviculture à ces nouvelles conditions, il est important de mieux connaître les facteurs environnementaux impactant la démographie de ces espèces. Nous avons abordé cette problématique en combinant des données historiques de gestion, le modèle de dynamique forestière Samsara2 et une méthode de calibration basée sur le Calcul Bayésien Approché. Nous avons ainsi pu étudier conjointement les différents processus démographiques dans ces forêts. Nos analyses montrent que la démographie forestière peut varier fortement entre les parcelles et que le climat n'est pas toujours déterminant pour expliquer ces variations. Ainsi, malgré les changements climatiques attendus, la gestion irrégulière pratiquée actuellement devrait permettre de maintenir les services rendus par les peuplements mélangés situés en conditions mésiques

    Demographic variability and adaptation of mountain forest management to climate change : calibration by Approximate Bayesian Computation and projection with the Samsara2 model

    No full text
    Les hêtraies-sapinières-pessières de montagne paraissent particulièrement menacées par le réchauffement climatique. Pour appréhender la dynamique future de ces forêts et adapter la sylviculture à ces nouvelles conditions, il est important de mieux connaître les facteurs environnementaux impactant la démographie de ces espèces. Nous avons abordé cette problématique en combinant des données historiques de gestion, le modèle de dynamique forestière Samsara2 et une méthode de calibration basée sur le Calcul Bayésien Approché. Nous avons ainsi pu étudier conjointement les différents processus démographiques dans ces forêts. Nos analyses montrent que la démographie forestière peut varier fortement entre les parcelles et que le climat n'est pas toujours déterminant pour expliquer ces variations. Ainsi, malgré les changements climatiques attendus, la gestion irrégulière pratiquée actuellement devrait permettre de maintenir les services rendus par les peuplements mélangés situés en conditions mésiques.The spruce-fir-beech mountain forests could be particularly threatened by the global warming. To better understand the future dynamics of these forests and adapt the silviculture to these new conditions, a better knowledge of the environmental factors affecting the species demograhics is needed. We studied this issue by combining a historical management data set, the forest dynamics model Samsara2 and a calibration method based on Approximate Bayesian Computation. We were able thus to study jointly the different demographic process in these forests. Our analysis show that the forest demographics can strongly vary between stands and that climate is not always determining to explain these variations. The unven-aged management currently applied seem adapted for the mixed stands located in mesic conditions, but the pure spruce forests and the low elevation stands could be highly impacted

    Approximate Bayesian Computation to recalibrate individual-based models with population data: illustration with a forest simulation model.

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    International audienceEcology makes an increasing use of complex simulation models. As more processes and model parameters are added, a comprehensive model calibration with process-level data becomes costly and predictions of such complex models are therefore often restricted to local applications. In this context, inverse modelling techniques enable to calibrate models with data of the same type than model outputs (thereafter called population data for the sake of clarity, although other data types can be used according to model outputs), which are usually simpler to collect and more readily available. This study aims at demonstrating how such data can be used to improve ecological models, by recalibrating the most influential parameters of a complex model in a Bayesian framework, and at providing general guidelines for potential users of this approach. We used the individual-based and spatially explicit forest dynamics simulation model Samsara2 as a case study. Considering the results of an initial calibration and of a sensitivity analysis as prerequisites, we assessed whether we could use approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) to recalibrate a subset of parameters on historical management data collected in forests with various ecological conditions. We propose guidelines to answer three questions that potential users of the approach will encounter: (1) How many and which parameters are we able to recalibrate accurately with such low-informative data? (2) How many ABC simulations are required to obtain a reasonable convergence of the parameter posterior estimates? (3) What is the variability of model predictions following the recalibration? In our case study, we found that two parameters by species could be recalibrated with forest management data and that a relatively low number of simulations (20,000) was sufficient. We finally pointed out that the variability of model predictions was largely due to model stochasticity, and much less to ABC recalibration and initial calibration uncertainties. Combining direct process-level calibration to ABC recalibration of the most influential parameters opens the door to interesting modelling improvements, such as the calibration of forest dynamics along environmental gradients. This general approach should thus help improve both accuracy and generality of model-based ecological predictions

    Uneven-aged management options to promote forest resilience for climate change adaptation: effects of group selection and harvesting intensity

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    International audience& Context Climate change is expected to increase forest vulnerability through disturbances such as windstorms and droughts. Forest managers are therefore investigating strat-egies to increase forest resistance and resilience, especially by promoting uneven-aged and mixed forests through group selection, and by reducing stand stocking and large trees proportion. However, there is little information on the long-term impacts of these two practices. & Aims The objectives of this study were (1) to develop an original silviculture algorithm designed for uneven-aged man-agement and (2) to use it to assess the effects of the above-mentioned management methods in long-term simulations. & Methods We simulated individual and group selection tech-niques in order to study the effects of group size, harvesting intensity and their interactions on wood production, stand heterogeneity, and regeneration in mountain spruce–fir for-ests. We used the spatially explicit individual-based forest model Samsara2 to simulate forest dynamics. & Results Our simulation results confirmed the positive ef-fect of group selection practices on structure diversity and regeneration but not on spruce maintenance. Increasing harvesting intensity enabled forest destocking but decreased structure diversity and led to non-sustained yields for the most intensive scenarios. & Conclusion As adaptation measure, we thus recommend moderate group selection harvesting creating 500 m 2 gaps

    Towards an automated assessment of pig behaviors on farm

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    Tail biting and aggression in finishing pigs are injurious behaviors affecting health and welfare of pigs as well as productivity of the farms. In the PIGWATCH European project (ERANET Anihwa), INRA and CEA are working on development of an automated technique, based on the use of sensors and machine learning algorithms, to detect injurious behaviors or abnormal patterns of activity. A wireless ear tag was developed, including a triaxial accelerometer and an Android application for data recording, processing and alert sending to the farmer on his smartphone when injurious behaviors are detected. Pigs were housed in groups of 8 on solid floor covered daily with fresh straw. Twelve pigs, i.e. 4 per group, were fitted with these ear tags. Their activity was recorded with the sensors during a period of two months. Their behavior was analyzed using video records on selected days. They were subjected to straw deprivation followed by food restriction in order to stimulate injurious behaviors or changes in the behavioral pattern of activity. In a first step, 24 hours of video records were analyzed and synchronized with signals from sensors for each pig. Relevant mathematical features were extracted from signals to predict various pig’s behaviors and notably, discriminate injurious behaviors from normal activity. These features were used in machine learning algorithms to build a model, able to automatically predict pig’s behaviors and detect injurious ones. Regarding “marked” fights (> 3 aggressive acts within 10 s), the model has a sensitivity of 42% and a specificity of 62%. This model has been implemented in an Android App and will be assessed in farms in Germany, notably in terms of true and false alerts. We will get the feedback from farmers on the usefulness and how to improve the system ergonomic. As a third step, the whole database collected at INRA is currently processed with this model to predict other pig’s behaviors (e.g. resting, feeding) and assess individual and nycthemeral variations

    Vers une détection automatisée des comportements délétères des porcs en élevage

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    National audienceLes morsures de queue et les comportements agressifs sont des comportements délétères affectant la santé et le bien-être des porcs ainsi que la productivité des élevages. En dépit de plusieurs années de recherche sur les causes et solutions possibles, ces phénomènes sont toujours fréquemment observés dans les élevages. Le risque très élevé de morsures de queue conduit d'ailleurs les éleveurs à couper systématiquement la queue des porcs contrairement à ce que préconise la réglementation en vigueur. Les épisodes de morsures de queue semblent précédés d'une phase d'agitation comportementale. Dans le cadre du projet européen PIGWATCH (ERANET Anihwa), l’INRA et le CEA travaillent au développement d’une technique automatisée, basée sur des capteurs et des algorithmes de machine learning (intelligence artificielle), pour détecter les profils d’activité qui pourraient indiquer ou prédire les comportements. Le CEA-LETI a développé un dispositif (porté à l’oreille) incluant un accéléromètre triaxial, une communication sans fil et une application Android pour l’acquisition des données. Les dispositifs sont connectés au smartphone via une communication Bluetooth basse consommation. Les dispositifs et l’électronique ont été conçus pour être résistants à l’eau et aux contraintes mécaniques telles que les mordillements. Douze porcs ont été équipés avec ces dispositifs à l'élevage expérimental de l’INRA à Saint-Gilles. Leur activité a été enregistrée et observée par caméra, à intervalles réguliers, durant 2 mois. Les animaux (femelles ou porcs mâles entiers) ont été élevés en groupe de 8 sur sol en béton avec distribution quotidienne de paille. Les comportements et notamment le repos et les combats ont été identifiés à partir des enregistrements vidéo et, les signaux issus des capteurs ont été marqués en accord avec ces observations. Les signaux ont ensuite été analysés de façon à extraire les caractéristiques mathématiques pertinentes pour discriminer les comportements observés. Dans une seconde étape, ces caractéristiques mathématiques ont été utilisées dans des algorithmes de machine learning pour détecter automatiquement les comportements. Différents modèles mathématiques ont été comparés sur la base de leur niveau de performance (taux de vrais positifs versus faux positifs, précision…) de manière à optimiser le système de détection automatique des comportements. Actuellement, l’algorithme toujours en développement est capable de détecter 42% des combats avec un taux de vrais positifs de 62%. Le système final sera testé et évalué dans deux élevages (un élevage commercial et un élevage expérimental) en Allemagne en 2018

    Applying ecological model evaludation: Lessons learned with the forest dynamics model Samsara2

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    Ecological models are increasingly used as decision-making tools and their reliability is becoming a key issue. At the same time, the sophistication of techniques for model development and analysis has given rise to a relative compartmentalization of model building and evaluation tasks. Several guidelines invite ecological modelers to follow an organized sequence of development and analysis steps and have coined the term "evaludation" for this process. The objective of this paper is to assess the feasibility and the value of a structured evaludation process, based on the working example of the Samsara2 model, a spatially explicit individual-based forest dynamics model. We implemented the six steps of model design, process level calibration, qualitative evaluation, quantitative evaluation, global sensitivity analysis, and partial recalibration using approximate Bayesian computing. We then evaluated how the evaludation process revealed model strengths and weaknesses, specified the model's conditions of use, clarified how the model works, and provided insights into forest ecosystem functioning. Finally, the efficiency/cost ratio of the process and future improvements are discussed
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