Interaction of Saccharomyces boulardii with Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Protects Mice and Modifies T84 Cell Response to the Infection

BACKGROUND: Salmonella pathogenesis engages host cells in two-way biochemical interactions: phagocytosis of bacteria by recruitment of cellular small GTP-binding proteins induced by the bacteria, and by triggering a pro-inflammatory response through activation of MAPKs and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. Worldwide interest in the use of functional foods containing probiotic bacteria for health promotion and disease prevention has increased significantly. Saccharomyces boulardii is a non-pathogenic yeast used as a probiotic in infectious diarrhea. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In this study, we reported that S. boulardii (Sb) protected mice from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST)-induced death and prevented bacterial translocation to the liver. At a molecular level, using T84 human colorectal cancer cells, we demonstrate that incubation with Sb before infection totally abolished Salmonella invasion. This correlates with a decrease of activation of Rac1. Sb preserved T84 barrier function and decreased ST-induced IL-8 synthesis. This anti-inflammatory effect was correlated with an inhibitory effect of Sb on ST-induced activation of the MAPKs ERK1/2, p38 and JNK as well as on activation of NF-kappaB. Electron and confocal microscopy experiments showed an adhesion of bacteria to yeast cells, which could represent one of the mechanisms by which Sb exerts its protective effects. CONCLUSIONS: Sb shows modulating effects on permeability, inflammation, and signal transduction pathway in T84 cells infected by ST and an in vivo protective effect against ST infection. The present results also demonstrate that Sb modifies invasive properties of Salmonella

Средневековый мир в терминах, именах и названиях: Словарь-справочник

Plant breeding for organic agriculture (OA) was stimulated when it came under the European Organic Agriculture Regulation (2092/91) in 2004. In Brittany, the need for specific varieties for organic farming arose early for the Brassica species because of the unsuitability of most of the modern varieties to the principles of OA. Moreover, the private sector of plant breeding finds it economically difficult to satisfy the demands of OA. The aim of the present study is to provide varieties and seed for organic farmers for two vegetable Brassica crops, and to show how genetic resources can contribute to this purpose in the framework of a Participatory Plant Breeding (PPB) programme. The emergence of PPB in Brittany is the result of several concomitant and favourable circumstances: the will of the professionals (represented by IBB, Inter Bio Bretagne), their organization (an experimental station, the PAIS, Plateforme Agrobiologique d’IBB à Suscinio), the research initiative in INRA and the availability of genetic resources. From genetic resource observations, our experience showed several breeding situations: reviving a traditional activity (Roscoff cauliflower and local cabbages), extending tradition (autumn cauliflower), diversifying production by new introductions (coloured cauliflowers), and creating new forms of population varieties (broccoli and coloured cauliflowers). Farmers have taken charge of population breeding by mass selection and the PAIS, with INRA scientific support, has taken up innovative selection and the improvement of varieties completing the farmers’ initiatives. The PAIS remained the central point for information and for providing the seed for trials. Seed production will be managed in a collective way. Until now, the exchange of seed remained an experimental dimension of PPB. French seed legislation represents a limitation on the development of seed exchange by PPB

Interaction of Saccharomyces boulardii with Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Protects Mice and Modifies T84 Cell Response to the Infection

International audienc

Bi-decadal variability in physico-biogeochemical characteristics of temperate coastal ecosystems: from large-scale to local drivers

International audienceCoastal marine ecosystems, which play a crucial role in the biogeochemical and ecological functioning of the Earth, are highly sensitive to the combined effects of climate and human activities. Because of their location, coastal ecosystems are directly influenced by human activities, but it remains challenging to assess the spatial and temporal scales at which climate influences coastal ecosystems. We monitored 12 sampling stations, distributed in 8 ecosystems in France, over 2 decades for physico-biogeochemical parameters (temperature, salinity, concentrations of dissolved oxygen, nutrients and particulate material). The study encompasses a large diversity of temperate coastal ecosystems with respect to e.g. geomorphology, trophic status, tidal regime, river influence and turbidity. Time-series analysis coupled with standardised 3-mode principal component analyses, partial triadic analyses and correlations were used to assess bi-decadal variability and ecosystem trajectories, and to identify large-scale, regional and local drivers. Our results highlighted 2 abrupt changes in 2001 and 2005. The bi-decadal changes were related to changes in large-scale and regional climate, detected through proxies of temperature and atmospheric circulation, as well as through river discharge. Ecosystem trajectories tended to move towards an increase in temperature and salinity, and/or a decrease in chlorophyll a , nutrients and particulate matter. However, the magnitude of change, the year-to-year variability and the sensitivity to the 2001 and 2005 changes varied among the ecosystems. This study highlights the need for establishing long-term time series and combining data sets as well as undertaking multi-ecosystem and local studies to better understand the long-term variability of coastal ecosystems and its associated drivers

Data quality control considerations in multivariate environmental monitoring: experience of the French coastal network SOMLIT

International audienceIntroduction While crucial to ensuring the production of accurate and high-quality data—and to avoid erroneous conclusions—data quality control (QC) in environmental monitoring datasets is still poorly documented. Methods With a focus on annual inter-laboratory comparison (ILC) exercises performed in the context of the French coastal monitoring SOMLIT network, we share here a pragmatic approach to QC, which allows the calculation of systematic and random errors, measurement uncertainty, and individual performance. After an overview of the different QC actions applied to fulfill requirements for quality and competence, we report equipment, accommodation, design of the ILC exercises, and statistical methodology specially adapted to small environmental networks (<20 laboratories) and multivariate datasets. Finally, the expanded uncertainty of measurement for 20 environmental variables routinely measured by SOMLIT from discrete sampling—including Essential Ocean Variables—is provided. Results, Discussion, Conclusion The examination of the temporal variations (2001–2021) in the repeatability, reproducibility, and trueness of the SOMLIT network over time confirms the essential role of ILC exercises as a tool for the continuous improvement of data quality in environmental monitoring datasets

DataSheet_1_Data quality control considerations in multivariate environmental monitoring: experience of the French coastal network SOMLIT.docx

IntroductionWhile crucial to ensuring the production of accurate and high-quality data—and to avoid erroneous conclusions—data quality control (QC) in environmental monitoring datasets is still poorly documented.MethodsWith a focus on annual inter-laboratory comparison (ILC) exercises performed in the context of the French coastal monitoring SOMLIT network, we share here a pragmatic approach to QC, which allows the calculation of systematic and random errors, measurement uncertainty, and individual performance. After an overview of the different QC actions applied to fulfill requirements for quality and competence, we report equipment, accommodation, design of the ILC exercises, and statistical methodology specially adapted to small environmental networks (Results, Discussion, ConclusionThe examination of the temporal variations (2001–2021) in the repeatability, reproducibility, and trueness of the SOMLIT network over time confirms the essential role of ILC exercises as a tool for the continuous improvement of data quality in environmental monitoring datasets.</p

Table_1_Data quality control considerations in multivariate environmental monitoring: experience of the French coastal network SOMLIT.xls

IntroductionWhile crucial to ensuring the production of accurate and high-quality data—and to avoid erroneous conclusions—data quality control (QC) in environmental monitoring datasets is still poorly documented.MethodsWith a focus on annual inter-laboratory comparison (ILC) exercises performed in the context of the French coastal monitoring SOMLIT network, we share here a pragmatic approach to QC, which allows the calculation of systematic and random errors, measurement uncertainty, and individual performance. After an overview of the different QC actions applied to fulfill requirements for quality and competence, we report equipment, accommodation, design of the ILC exercises, and statistical methodology specially adapted to small environmental networks (Results, Discussion, ConclusionThe examination of the temporal variations (2001–2021) in the repeatability, reproducibility, and trueness of the SOMLIT network over time confirms the essential role of ILC exercises as a tool for the continuous improvement of data quality in environmental monitoring datasets.</p