Retroviral proteases: correlating substrate recognition with both selected and native inhibitor resistance

A diverse group of retroviral proteases were analyzed to correlate mechanisms of substrate recognition with resistance to HIV-1 protease active-site inhibitors. Here it was shown that HIV-1 protease utilized a pathway common to many retroviral proteases, for recognition of mutated Gag/Pol cleavage sites, in order to become resistant to active-site inhibitors. While HIV-1 and HIV-2 resulted from independent cross-species transmissions of simian immunodeficiency virus into humans, HIV-2 has native primary resistance to many HIV-1 protease inhibitors as do many other retroviral proteases. The native multi-drug resistance of those proteases contributed to the lack of treatments for the respective life-long infections. Analysis of interactions between retroviral proteases and Gag/Pol substrates revealed that protease interactions weighted towards cleavage site residues P4-P4' resulted in inhibitor sensitivity, while interactions weighted towards residues P12-P5/P5'-P12' gave inhibitor resistance. In addition, a mechanism was identified for human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 protease that allowed re-weighting of the protease interactions with substrate residues P4-P4' and P12-P5/P5'-P12' using anti-parallel beta-sheets that connected the protease flaps to the substrate-grooves. Those anti-parallel beta-sheets are common to all studied retroviral proteases. The critical role of the retroviral protease substrate-grooves in substrate recognition and inhibitor resistance makes them a potential target

Závislosť napatie v súdržnosti – poklz predpínacích jednotiek opatrených protikoróznou ochranou

Experimental research of interaction between prestressing units coated with corrosion protection agents and surrounding material has been performed. This paper shows the result from pull-out tests of strands coated with emulsifiable oil and thixotropic compound. Primary goal is to compare bond stress behaviour at different types of specimens with strand coated or not coated with corrosion protection.Realizovaný bol experimentálny výskum spolupôsobenia medzi predpínacími jednotkami opatrenými protikoróznou náterovou ochranou s okolím. Príspevok predstavuje výsledky testov súdržnosti predpínacích lán opatrených protikoróznou ochranou na báze olejovej emulzie a tixotropnej gélovej zlúčenine. Hlavným cieľom je vzájomné porovnanie priebehu súdržnosti na rôznych vzorkách, ktoré obsahovali lano bez náteru a s protikoróznymi nátermi

Free indirect speech in Croatian oral folk tales

This paper considers free indirect speech (FIS) in Croatian oral folk tales (fairy tales, legends, oral tradition and fables). Oral folk tales (folklore) from all parts of Croatia, and that in all three Croatian dialects (the Shtokavian, the Chakavian, and the Kajkavian) have been analysed. Special attention is paid to first-hand accounts according to authentic tellings in recent times. The types of FIS that are commonly attributed to the linguo-stylistic characteristics of modern art prose have been con[1]sidered. Additionally, some techniques that also indicate SNG have been analysed, which has neither been noticed nor described in the hitherto Croatian philological literature. It is concluded that FIS is a linguo-stylistic device which affects the way of delivering (creating) a story, but it is also a feature which distinguishes one tale from another

Soluble polythiophenes as anticorrosive additives for marine epoxy paints

This study compares the resistance against corrosion of a marine epoxy primer modified with Zn-3(PO4)(2) (10 wt%) or a small concentration (0.3 wt%) of conducting polymer (CP) as inorganic or organic anticorrosive pigment, respectively. More specifically, the behavior of three different CPs has been evaluated: polyaniline (PAni) emeraldine base, poly(3-thiophen-3-yl-acrylic acid methyl ester) and poly(2-thiophen-3-yl-malonic acid dimethyl ester), the latter two being soluble polythiophene (PTh) derivatives bearing carboxylate side groups. In a first stage, the structural, thermal, and mechanical properties of all the modified epoxy coatings were characterized using infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analyses and stress-strain assays, respectively. After this, accelerated corrosion assays have evidenced that the degree of protection imparted by a small concentration of PAni is higher than that obtained using 10wt% of Zn-3(PO4)(2). Indeed, PAni has been found to be more effective as anticorrosive additive than the two PTh derivatives. This fact has been attributed to the electroactivity of the former, which is higher than that of the latter. Thus, the ability to store charge has been proposed to be also responsible of protection against corrosion imparted by organic additives, based on CPs.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author’s final draft

Bosnian-Herzegovinian theatrology after the world war II

S obzirom da u Bosni i Hercegovini ne postoji sustavan pregled onoga što se, tijekom stoljećā, o drami (dramskome tekstu ili izvedbenosti) pisalo, istraživalo i zaključivalo, ovim se radom pokušava stvoriti jasnija slika sveukupnosti dramskoga iskustva spomenutoga područja: postavlja se i opisuje pregled svih bitnih elemenata (časopisa, festivala, teatarskih ustanova, publikacija, znanstvenika, kritičara) koji su obilježili određena razdoblja bosanskohercegovačke kulturne povijesti. Povezujući osobitosti srednjovjekovnoga razdoblja, a osobito razdoblja nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata sa suvremenošću, u radu se želi dokazati i istaknuti kontinuitet dramskoga iskustva od XIII. stoljeća pa naovamo, uputiti na osobitosti određenih faza, ukazati na razvojnu liniju bosanskohercegovačke teatrološke – znanstvene i kritičke – misli, te procijeniti kakav je utjecaj iskustva prošlosti na suvremeno stanje u tome smislu. Pokazalo se da se u razdoblju nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata teatar razumijeva ponajprije na razini makroznaka – prenositelja ideološke poruke, a kasnije se javlja potreba za autonomizacijom teatarske umjetnosti. Utvrđuje se da istraživanje i razumijevanje ranijih teatroloških specifičnosti i pojavnosti može biti itekako korisno za objektivizaciju, racionalizaciju i rješavanje određenih problema uočenih u recentnijem bosanskohercegovačkome dramskom iskustvu. Zbog specifičnosti materijala (uglavnom periodičke i monografske građe) u radu su kombinirane različite metode: metoda klasifikacije, induktivna i dijalektička metoda, te deskriptivna i eksplikativna analiza.Considering the fact that there is no systematic overview of what has been written, researched or induced about drama (dramatic text or performance) in Bosnia and Herzegovina, throughout centuries, this paper aims to create clearer image of totality of dramatic experience in the mentioned area: all important elements of different periods of Bosnian-Herzegovinian cultural history (journals, festivals, theatre institutions, publications, scientists, critics) are set and described. By connecting characteristics of Mediaeval period, especially period after World War II, with contemporary period, the paper aims to prove and emphasize continuity of dramatic experience, from XIIIth century to modern period, refer to specific characterists of different phases, show the developing line of Bosnian-Herzegovinian theatrological – scientific and critic – notions and to estimate how experience of the past affects contemporary period in that sense. It has been shown that, in the post-War period, theatre is understood as mean of ideological transmission, while later more intensive need for theatre independency is noticed. It is noted that researching and understanding of earlier theatrological specificities can be very useful for objectivization, rationalization and solution of problems typical for recent Bosnian-Herzegovinian dramatic experience. Because very specific material has been used (periodic and monographic data), different methods were combined in the paper: classification method, inductive and dialectic method, descriptive and explicative analysis. What Bosnian-Herzegovinian theatrology was in lack of (according to theatre historicist Josip Lesic) is attempt of synthesized view of specific issue or problem: in other words, by focusing on one element only (for example, dramatic texts, performance or critics) no answers can be found or no dillemas can be solved in terms of some specific problems noted in interrelations of these elements. If only history of dramatic texts is isolated in a research, it can be concluded that Bosnia and Herzegovina had many authors and genres in that sense, while focusing only on performance – contradictory conclusion can be made, considering the fact that mainly foreign authors were present on Bosnian-Herzegovinian stage. This paper aims to connect all important elements together, with regards to social and political condition of different periods, so that clearer image of relations and challenges of theatre arts in general can be detected. This was done by isolating some extremely indicative examples (case of Kulenovic's Djelidba, Muradbegovic's Majka, Pavlovic's Pozorisne kronike), which were used to carry out general conclusions about theatrological motions and interdependence. First part of the paper shows that Bosnian-Herzegovinian theatrological experience has been continuously present, since Medieval times (despite of opposite opinion of many historians), if the term „theatrology“ is understood as „totality.“ This is also important when referring to periods of Ottoman occupation, concerning the fact that different historians claim that „theatre did not exist during that time.“ A special emhpasis is given to Austro-Hungarian period, by noting that first dramatic text, first chamber stage, even first attempt of theatrical experiment derive from it. Analysis of period 1945 – 1970 shows that theatre was then understood as mean of transmitting ideological message, where all alements of one theatre act were controlled by that kind of preconceptions. Is it, however, noted that the sixties show more intense need for theatre independence, despite of the „theatre crisis“ mentioned in many theatrological texts of that time. The seventies bring new artistic challenges: theatre is seen as complex and independent art, which differentiates this period from the previous one. By analyzing extent and content of theatrological discussions, it can be concluded that in the seventies and the eighties theatre is aimed to be understood outside political, social, administrative and ideological impositions. It has been also proven that contemporary theatrological problems are just products/extents of the mentioned continuity, but much more time is needed to view and rationalize those problems objectively. However, as all the examples in the paper show, experience of the past can be extremely helpful in that process

Nasycenost území Česka srážkami před extrémními úhrny srážek

The saturation of the river basin is one of the important factors that contribute to the occurrence of significant floods. Examples of floods where significant previous saturation played a significant role are, for example, the floods of 1997, 2002 and 2013. A more detailed description of saturation before heavy rainfall in the Czech Republic was missing. The main goal of the work was therefore to describe the distribution of saturation using a suitable index of saturation before cases of heavy precipitation in the Czech Republic, and also to try to describe the degree of risk associated with high saturation in combination with heavy precipitation, using the proposed indicator of the importance of relative saturation. Based on the results of the work, we can say that, in general, the saturation before heavy precipitation totals can be diverse (mainly for the shortest analyzed time intervals), but on average it is rather normal. It is slightly increased in the mountain area, especially in the east of the country and for strong precipitation totals of the longest analyzed time intervals. However, when taking into account the extremity of heavy precipitation totals, it turns out that the saturation tends to be significantly increased mainly for the heaviest precipitation of longer time intervals in...Nasýtenosť územia patrí k významným faktorom, ktoré prispievajú k vzniku významných povodní. Príkladom povodní, kedy významná predošlá nasýtenosť zohrala výraznú úlohu, sú povodne z rokov 1997, 2002 a 2013. Bližší popis nasýtenosti pred silnými zrážkami v priestore Česka chýbal. Hlavným cieľom práce preto bolo popísať rozloženie nasýtenosti pomocou vhodného indexu nasýtenia pred prípadmi silných zrážok v Česku a tiež pokúsiť sa vyjadriť pravdepodobnosť výskytu silných zrážok v kombinácii s vysokou nasýtenosťou, a to pomocou navrhnutého ukazovateľa významu relatívnej nasýtenosti. Na základe výsledkov práce môžeme tvrdiť, že vo všeobecnosti môže byť nasýtenosť pred silnými zrážkami rôznorodá (hlavne pre časové intervaly do 2,5 hodiny), ale v priemere je skôr normálna. Mierne zvýšená je v oblasti hôr, predovšetkým na východe krajiny a pre silné zrážkové úhrny najdlhších analyzovaných časových intervalov. Avšak pri zohľadnení extremity silných zrážok sa ukazuje, že nasýtenosť zvykne byť výraznejšie zvýšená hlavne pre najsilnejšie zrážky dlhších časových intervalov v horských polohách a ich okolí. Najvýraznejšie rozdiely medzi krátkymi a dlhými časovými intervalmi vidíme takisto na horských staniciach. Pre veľkú časť staníc je typické, že hodnoty navrhnutého ukazovateľa významu relatívnej nasýtenosti sú...Katedra fyzické geografie a geoekologieDepartment of Physical Geography and GeoecologyFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult

Verbs Ending in -(j)avati and -(j)ivati

Imperfect verbs ending in -(j)avati and -(j)ivati are synonymous forms in the Croatian literary language; they are numerous and used quite often. These verbs have been systematized at the morphological and formative levels of Croatian-language literary norm. A comparison of grammar books, orthography and style manuals, and language advisors reveals both different descriptions and normative approaches to the distribution of those allomorphic suffixes; therefore, one may say that these verb forms have not been evenly, consistently and firmly systematized in the literary and language norm, which exerts an impact on the literary and language practices in terms of vacillation and inconsistencies. This paper addresses the description of verbs that add -(j)avati and -(j)ivati ‒ in the literary and language norms of the latter part of the 20th century and contemporary alike ‒ with the aim of bringing attention to possible shortcomings worthy of note