468 research outputs found
Pilus distribution among lineages of group b <i>streptococcus</i>: an evolutionary and clinical perspective
<b>Background</b><p></p>
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is an opportunistic pathogen in both humans and bovines. Epidemiological and phylogenetic analyses have found strains belonging to certain phylogenetic lineages to be more frequently associated with invasive newborn disease, asymptomatic maternal colonization, and subclinical bovine mastitis. Pilus structures in GBS facilitate colonization and invasion of host tissues and play a role in biofilm formation, though few large-scale studies have estimated the frequency and diversity of the three pilus islands (PIs) across diverse genotypes. Here, we examined the distribution of pilus islands (PI) 1, 2a and 2b among 295 GBS strains representing 73 multilocus sequence types (STs) belonging to eight clonal complexes. PCR-based RFLP was also used to evaluate variation in the genes encoding pilus backbone proteins of PI-2a and PI-2b.<p></p>
<b>Results</b><p></p>
All 295 strains harbored one of the PI-2 variants and most human-derived strains contained PI-1. Bovine-derived strains lacked PI-1 and possessed a unique PI-2b backbone protein allele. Neonatal strains more frequently had PI-1 and a PI-2 variant than maternal colonizing strains, and most CC-17 strains had PI-1 and PI-2b with a distinct backbone protein allele. Furthermore, we present evidence for the frequent gain and loss of genes encoding certain pilus types.<p></p>
<b>Conclusions</b><p></p>
These data suggest that pilus combinations impact host specificity and disease presentation and that diversification often involves the loss or acquisition of PIs. Such findings have implications for the development of GBS vaccines that target the three pilus islands
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Controller/evaluator practicum - enhancing classroom training with field practice.
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Evaluator/controller practicum for US Department of Energy emergency exercises
Argonne National Laboratory has designed a practicum to help ensure that exercises at Department of Energy (DOE) facilities provide results that will be useful in maintaining or improving emergency preparedness while ensuring the safety of the public and the exercise participants. Participants in the first two offerings of the practicum came from DOE facilities nationwide. The practicum augments the usual forms of controller and evaluator training with actual practice in carrying out controller and evaluator roles. Feedback from participants indicated substantial benefit from the training. Many of the participants expressed a desire to present such training to others at their home facilities
Sources and nature of ice-nucleating particles in the free troposphere at Jungfraujoch in winter 2017
Primary ice formation in mixed-phase clouds is initiated by a
minute subset of the ambient aerosol population, called ice-nucleating
particles (INPs). The knowledge about their atmospheric concentration,
composition, and source in cloud-relevant environments is still limited.
During the 2017 joint INUIT/CLACE (Ice Nuclei research UnIT/CLoud–Aerosol
Characterization Experiment) field campaign, observations of INPs as
well as of aerosol physical and chemical properties were performed,
complemented by source region modeling. This aimed at investigating the
nature and sources of INPs. The campaign took place at the High-Altitude
Research Station Jungfraujoch (JFJ), a location where mixed-phase clouds
frequently occur. Due to its altitude of 3580 m a.s.l., the station is
usually located in the lower free troposphere, but it can also receive air
masses from terrestrial and marine sources via long-range transport. INP
concentrations were quasi-continuously detected with the Horizontal Ice
Nucleation Chamber (HINC) under conditions representing the formation of
mixed-phase clouds at −31 ∘C. The INP measurements were performed
in parallel to aerosol measurements from two single-particle mass
spectrometers, the Aircraft-based Laser ABlation Aerosol MAss Spectrometer
(ALABAMA) and the laser ablation aerosol particle time-of-flight mass
spectrometer (LAAPTOF). The chemical identity of INPs is inferred by
correlating the time series of ion signals measured by the mass
spectrometers with the time series of INP measurements. Moreover, our
results are complemented by the direct analysis of ice particle residuals
(IPRs) by using an ice-selective inlet (Ice-CVI) coupled with the ALABAMA.
Mineral dust particles and aged sea spray particles showed the highest
correlations with the INP time series. Their role as INPs is further
supported by source emission sensitivity analysis using atmospheric
transport modeling, which confirmed that air masses were advected from the
Sahara and marine environments during times of elevated INP
concentrations and ice-active surface site densities. Indeed, the IPR
analysis showed that, by number, mineral dust particles dominated the IPR
composition (∼58 %), and biological and metallic
particles are also found to a smaller extent (∼10 % each). Sea
spray particles are also found as IPRs (17 %), and their fraction in the
IPRs strongly varied according to the increased presence of small IPRs,
which is likely due to an impact from secondary ice crystal formation. This
study shows the capability of combining INP concentration measurements with
chemical characterization of aerosol particles using single-particle mass
spectrometry, source region modeling, and analysis of ice residuals in an
environment directly relevant for mixed-phase cloud formation.</p
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Lessons learned from U.S. Department of Defense 911-Bio Advanced Concept Technology Demonstrations.
The US Department of Defense (DoD), in cooperation with other federal agencies, has taken many initiatives to improve its ability to support civilian response to a domestic biological terrorism incident. This paper discusses one initiative, the 911-Bio Advanced Concept Technology Demonstrations (ACTDs), conducted by the Office of the Secretary of Defense during 1997 to better understand: (1) the capability of newly developed chemical and biological collection and identification technologies in a field environment; (2) the ability of specialized DoD response teams to use these new technologies within the structure of cooperating DoD and civilian consequence management organizations; and (3) the adequacy of current modeling tools for predicting the dispersal of biological hazards. This paper discusses the experience of the ACTDs from the civilian community support perspective. The 911-Bio ACTD project provided a valuable opportunity for DoD and civilian officials to learn how they should use their combined capabilities to manage the aftermath of a domestic biological terrorism incident
The Horizontal Ice Nucleation Chamber (HINC) : INP measurements at conditions relevant for mixed-phase clouds at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch
In this work we describe the Horizontal Ice Nucleation Chamber (HINC) as a new instrument to measure ambient ice-nucleating particle
(INP) concentrations for conditions relevant to mixed-phase
clouds. Laboratory verification and validation experiments confirm
the accuracy of the thermodynamic conditions of temperature (T)
and relative humidity (RH) in HINC with uncertainties in T
of ±0.4 K and in RH with respect to water
(RHw) of ±1.5 %, which translates
into an uncertainty in RH with respect to ice
(RHi) of ±3.0 % at T > 235 K. For further validation of HINC as a field
instrument, two measurement campaigns were conducted in winters 2015
and 2016 at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch (JFJ;
Switzerland, 3580 m a. s. l. ) to sample ambient INPs. During
winters 2015 and 2016 the site encountered free-tropospheric
conditions 92 and 79 % of the time, respectively. We measured
INP concentrations at 242 K at water-subsaturated conditions
(RHw = 94 %), relevant for the formation of
ice clouds, and in the water-supersaturated regime
(RHw = 104 %) to represent ice formation
occurring under mixed-phase cloud conditions. In winters 2015 and
2016 the median INP concentrations at RHw = 94 % was below the minimum detectable concentration. At
RHw = 104 %, INP concentrations were an
order of magnitude higher, with median concentrations in winter 2015
of 2.8 per standard liter (std L−1; normalized to
standard T of 273 K and pressure, p, of
1013 hPa) and 4.7 std L−1 in winter 2016. The
measurements are in agreement with previous winter measurements
obtained with the Portable Ice Nucleation Chamber (PINC) of
2.2 std L−1 at the same location. During winter 2015,
two events caused the INP concentrations at RHw = 104 % to significantly increase above the campaign
average. First, an increase to 72.1 std L−1 was measured
during an event influenced by marine air, arriving at the JFJ from
the North Sea and the Norwegian Sea. The contribution from
anthropogenic or other sources can thereby not be ruled out. Second,
INP concentrations up to 146.2 std L−1 were observed
during a Saharan dust event. To our knowledge this is the first time
that a clear enrichment in ambient INP concentration in remote
regions of the atmosphere is observed during a time of marine air
mass influence, suggesting the importance of marine particles on ice
nucleation in the free troposphere
Integrating Agriculture and Ecosystems to Find Suitable Adaptations to Climate Change
Climate change is altering agricultural production and ecosystems around the world. Future projections indicate that additional change is expected in the coming decades, forcing individuals and communities to respond and adapt. Current research efforts typically examine climate change effects and possible adaptations but fail to integrate agriculture and ecosystems. This failure to jointly consider these systems and associated externalities may underestimate climate change impacts or cause adaptation implementation surprises, such as causing adaptation status of some groups or ecosystems to be worsened. This work describes and motivates reasons why ecosystems and agriculture adaptation require an integrated analytical approach. Synthesis of current literature and examples from Texas are used to explain concepts and current challenges. Texas is chosen because of its high agricultural output that is produced in close interrelationship with the surrounding semi-arid ecosystem. We conclude that future effect and adaptation analyses would be wise to jointly consider ecosystems and agriculture. Existing paradigms and useful methodology can be transplanted from the sustainable agriculture and ecosystem service literature to explore alternatives for climate adaptation and incentivization of private agriculturalists and consumers. Researchers are encouraged to adopt integrated modeling as a means to avoid implementation challenges and surprises when formulating and implementing adaptation
Genetic Diversity and Virulence Potential of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O113:H21 Strains Isolated from Clinical, Environmental, and Food Sources
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains of serotype O113:H21 have caused severe human diseases, but they are unusual in that they do not produce adherence factors coded by the locus of enterocyte effacement. Here, a PCR microarray was used to characterize 65 O113:H21 strains isolated from the environment, food, and clinical infections from various countries. in comparison to the pathogenic strains that were implicated in hemolytic-uremic syndrome in Australia, there were no clear differences between the pathogens and the environmental strains with respect to the 41 genetic markers tested. Furthermore, all of the strains carried only Shiga toxin subtypes associated with human infections, suggesting that the environmental strains have the potential to cause disease. Most of the O113:H21 strains were closely related and belonged in the same clonal group (ST-223), but CRISPR analysis showed a great degree of genetic diversity among the O113:H21 strains.French Joint Ministerial Program of R&D against CBRNE RisksFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Food & Drug Adm, Div Microbiol, College Pk, MD 20740 USAFrench Agcy Food Environm & Occupat Hlth & Safety, Lab Food Safety, Maisons Alfort, FranceFood & Drug Adm, Div Mol Biol, Laurel, MD USAUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Parasitol, São Paulo, BrazilFed Inst Risk Assessment, Natl Reference Lab Escherichia coli, Berlin, GermanyInst Nacl Enfermedades Infecciosas ANLIS Dr Carlo, Serv Fisiopatogenia, Buenos Aires, DF, ArgentinaUniv Melbourne, Peter Doherty Inst Infect & Immun, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Melbourne, Vic, AustraliaUniv Adelaide, Res Ctr Infect Dis, Sch Mol & Biomed Sci, Adelaide, SA, AustraliaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Parasitol, São Paulo, BrazilFrench Joint Ministerial Program of R&D against CBRNE Risks: C17609-2Web of Scienc
Impact of surface and near-surface processes on ice crystal concentrations measured at mountain-top research stations
In situ cloud observations at mountain-top research stations regularly
measure ice crystal number concentrations (ICNCs) orders of magnitudes higher
than expected from measurements of ice nucleating particle (INP)
concentrations. Thus, several studies suggest that mountain-top in situ cloud
microphysical measurements are influenced by surface processes, e.g., blowing
snow, hoar frost or riming on snow-covered trees, rocks and the snow surface.
This limits the relevance of such measurements for the study of microphysical
properties and processes in free-floating clouds.This study assesses the impact of surface processes on in situ cloud
observations at the Sonnblick Observatory in the Hohen Tauern region,
Austria. Vertical profiles of ICNCs above a snow-covered surface were
observed up to a height of 10 m. The ICNC decreases at least by a
factor of 2 at 10 m if the ICNC at the surface is larger than
100 L−1. This decrease can be up to 1 order of magnitude during
in-cloud conditions and reached its maximum of more than 2 orders of
magnitudes when the station was not in cloud. For one case study, the ICNC
for regular and irregular ice crystals showed a similar relative decrease
with height. This suggests that either surface processes produce both
irregular and regular ice crystals or other effects modify the ICNCs near the
surface. Therefore, two near-surface processes are proposed to enrich ICNCs
near the surface. Either sedimenting ice crystals are captured in a turbulent
layer above the surface or the ICNC is enhanced in a convergence zone
because the cloud is forced over a mountain. These two processes would also
have an impact on ICNCs measured at mountain-top stations if the surrounding
surface is not snow covered. Conclusively, this study strongly suggests that
ICNCs measured at mountain-top stations are not representative of the
properties of a cloud further away from the surface
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