The object of study of text linguistics (textology)

Contemporary text linguistics once again faces the necessity to ask itself a question about the object of its study. The reason for it is the existence of new definitions of text in which text is understood as a process and not as a product, as well as the developing studies of discourse and its social, political, cultural, and ideological determinants. In the present article I attempt to defend the traditional understanding of text as a product, not at the same time negating the necessity of studying communicative and pragmatic processes of discourse determinants. In order to achieve this I use three concepts which, when treated as different aspects of the same phenomenon, may help to grasp the complex object of text linguistics, which is text treated holistically as an integral phenomenon generated in the process of language communication embedded in a broad cultural context. These three concepts which I treat as a unity, and at the same time as three aspects of defining the object of text linguistics are: text, utterance, and discours

Systematic profiling of Caenorhabditis elegans locomotive behaviors reveals additional components in G-protein Gαq signaling

Genetic screens have been widely applied to uncover genetic mechanisms of movement disorders. However, most screens rely on human observations of qualitative differences. Here we demonstrate the application of an automatic imaging system to conduct a quantitative screen for genes regulating the locomotive behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans. Two hundred twenty-seven neuronal signaling genes with viable homozygous mutants were selected for this study. We tracked and recorded each animal for 4 min and analyzed over 4,400 animals of 239 genotypes to obtain a quantitative, 10-parameter behavioral profile for each genotype. We discovered 87 genes whose inactivation causes movement defects, including 50 genes that had never been associated with locomotive defects. Computational analysis of the high-content behavioral profiles predicted 370 genetic interactions among these genes. Network partition revealed several functional modules regulating locomotive behaviors, including sensory genes that detect environmental conditions, genes that function in multiple types of excitable cells, and genes in the signaling pathway of the G protein Gαq, a protein that is essential for animal life and behavior. We developed quantitative epistasis analysis methods to analyze the locomotive profiles and validated the prediction of the γ isoform of phospholipase C as a component in the Gαq pathway. These results provided a system-level understanding of how neuronal signaling genes coordinate locomotive behaviors. This study also demonstrated the power of quantitative approaches in genetic studies

Reflections on the semantic structure of a dictionary entry in a Polish-Russian dictionary based on the Polish lexeme przeczytać and its Russian equivalents

W niniejszym artykule autor proponuje semantyczną analizę konfrontatywną polskiego leksemu przeczytać oraz jego rosyjskich odpowiedników – прочитать i перечитать, a także zestawienie takiej analizy z odpowiednimi artykułami hasłowymi w wielkich słownikach polsko-rosyjskich i rosyjsko-polskich. Celem analizy jest określenie optymalnej sekwencji znaczeń leksemu przeczytać, odpowiedni dobór ekwiwalentów, a także systemowo adekwatna i pragmatycznie użyteczna konstrukcja artykułów hasłowych dla wszystkich trzech jednostek leksykalnych.The article is devoted to a contrastive analysis of lexical (dictionary) meanings of the Polish lexeme przeczytać and its Russian equivalents прочитать and перечитать. The analysis also provides verification of its findings with the register of three major Polish-Russian dictionaries. The purpose of the analysis is to establish a correct sequence of meanings of the Polish lexeme along with appropriate translation counterparts, and to suggest how to create a system-readable and pragmatically useful structure of dictionary entries for all three [email protected] Śląski w Katowicach, Wydział Humanistyczny, Instytut JęzykoznawstwaBerkov V.P., Dvuâzyčnaâ leksikografiâ. Učebnik, Moskva 2004.Koczerhan M.P., Podstawy językoznawstwa konfrontatywnego. Podręcznik, Opole 2009.Kuznecov S., Bolʹšoj tolkovyj slovarʹ russkogo âzyka, Sankt-Peterburg 1998 [zaktualizowana wersja online w zasobach www.gramota.ru].Mędelska J., Wawrzyńczyk J., Między oryginałem a przekładem. Rzecz o słownikach dwujęzycznych, Kielce 1992.Национальный корпус русского языка, [online], http://www.ruscorpora.ru, [dostęp: 01.03.2018].Słownik 100 tysięcy potrzebnych słów, J. Bralczyk (red.), Warszawa 2005 [aktualizowana wersja online pod adresem www.sjp.pwn.pl].Wielki słownik języka polskiego, P. Żmigrodzki (red.), [online], www.wsjp.pl, [dostęp: 25.02.2018].Wielki słownik języka polskiego, W. Doroszewski (red.), [online], http://doroszewski.pwn.pl/, [dostęp: 25.02.2018].Wielki słownik polsko-rosyjski [i] rosyjsko-polski, S. Chwatow, M. Timoszuk (red.), Warszawa 2008.Wielki słownik polsko-rosyjski i rosyjsko-polski, J. Wawrzyńczyk (red.), Warszawa 2007 [wersja elektroniczna 2.0 na płycie CD].Wielki słownik polsko-rosyjski, D. Hessen, R. Stypuła (red.), Warszawa 2004.Wielki słownik rosyjsko-polski, A. Mirowicz, I. Dulewiczowa, I. Grek-Pabisowa, I. Maryniakowa (red.), Warszawa 2004.2414115

Ile ekwiwalencji? Czyli od systemu do pragmatyki

The article is devoted to interlingual equivalence which oscillates between what is systemic and what is pragmatic. The author describes the problem of interpretation of system equivalence which principally belongs to confrontative linguistics and juxtaposes it with consituational equivalence which, in turn, is closer to translatology. In this approach, however, this is not regarded as a translatological term but as a phenomenon

Limits to sustained energy intake XII : is the poor relation between resting metabolic rate and reproductive performance because resting metabolism is not a repeatable trait?

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Genetic interactions in various environmental conditions in Caenorhabditis elegans

Although it is well known that epistasis plays an important role in many evolutionary processes (e.g., speciation, evolution of sex), our knowledge on the frequency and prevalent sign of epistatic interactions is mainly limited to unicellular organisms or cell cultures of multicellular organisms. This is even more pronounced in regard to how the environment can influence genetic interactions. To broaden our knowledge in that respect we studied gene–gene interactions in a whole multicellular organism, Caenorhabditis elegans. We screened over one thousand gene interactions, each one in standard laboratory conditions, and under three different stressors: heat shock, oxidative stress, and genotoxic stress. Depending on the condition, between 7% and 22% of gene pairs showed significant genetic interactions and an overall sign of epistasis changed depending on the condition. Sign epistasis was quite common, but reciprocal sign epistasis was extremally rare. One interaction was common to all conditions, whereas 78% of interactions were specific to only one environment. Although epistatic interactions are quite common, their impact on evolutionary processes will strongly depend on environmental factors