Epidemiology of Equine Influenza Viruses

The equine influenza virus (EIV) is a major pathogen of respiratory diseases in horses, donkeys and mules. Equine influenza (EI) is characterized by a very rapid spread and remains a disease with high economic stakes for the equine industry. A large‐scale outbreak caused by equine influenza virus of the H3N8 subtype has occurred in each decade since an H3N8 was first isolated from horses in 1963. Each epidemic, and some minor outbreaks, has influenced equine influenza surveillance and vaccination policies in the world. The use of the molecular tools is of a high interest in epidemiology. The interest of the association of these techniques and the classical epidemiological analyses will be illustrated by taking the example of equine influenza viruses. The determination and the comparison of the nucleotide sequences allow to characterize the virus strains more precisely than the classical methods and are useful to analyze the evolution of the equine influenza viruses. These methods are also useful to select the relevant strains that will be used in the vaccines. The possible reasons for the infection of horses despite intensive vaccination are currently being investigated and may shed new light on the epidemiology of equine influenza

Estimating the incidence of equine viral arteritis and the sensitivity of its surveillance in the French breeding stock

Equine viral arteritis (EVA) may have serious economic impact on the equine industry. For this reason, it is monitored in many countries, especially in breeding stock, to avoid its spread during breeding activities. In France, surveillance is mainly based on serological tests, since mares are not vaccinated, but difficulties in interpreting certain series of results may impair the estimation of the number of outbreaks. In this study, we propose specific rules for identifying seroconversion in order to estimate the number of outbreaks that were detected by the breeding stock surveillance component (BSSC) in France between 2006 and 2013. A consensus among multidisciplinary experts was reached to consider seroconversion as a change in antibody titer from negative to at least 32, or as an eight-fold or greater increase in antibody level. Using these rules, 239 cases and 177 outbreaks were identified. Subsequently, we calculated the BSSC's sensitivity as the ratio of the number of detected outbreaks to the total number of outbreaks that occurred in breeding stock (including unreported outbreaks) estimated using a capture-recapture model. The total number of outbreaks was estimated at 215 (95% credible interval 195-249) and the surveillance sensitivity at 82% (CrI95% 71-91). Our results confirm EVA circulation in French breeding stock, show that neutralizing antibodies can persist up to eight years in naturally infected mares and suggest that certain mares have been reinfected. This study shows that the sensitivity of the BSSC is relatively high and supports its relevance to prevent the disease spreading through mating

Reactivity of (1-methoxycarbonylpentadienyl)iron(1+) cations with hydride, methyl, and nitrogen nucleophiles

The reaction of tricarbonyl and (dicarbonyl)triphenylphosphine (1-methoxycarbonyl-pentadientyl)iron(1+) cations 7 and 8 with methyl lithium, NaBH3CN, or potassium phthalimide affords (pentenediyl)iron complexes 9a-c and 11a-b, while reaction with dimethylcuprate, gave (E,Z-diene)iron complexes 10 and 12. Oxidatively induced-reductive elimination of 9a-c gave vinylcyclopropanecarboxylates 17a-c. The optically active vinylcyclopropane (+)-17a, prepared from (1S)-7, undergoes olefin cross-metathesis with excess (+)-18 to yield (+)-19, a C9C16 synthon for the antifungal agent ambruticin. Alternatively reaction of 7 with methanesulfonamide or trimethylsilylazide gave (E,E-diene)iron complexes 14d and e. Huisgen [3 + 2] cyclization of the (azidodienyl)iron complex 14e with alkynes afforded triazoles 25a-e

Epidemiological survey of equine influenza in Andalusia, Spain

Equine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease considered the most important respiratory disease in equids. Although influenza A virus (IAV) has caused outbreaks in equids worldwide, surveillance on these species in Spain has not been conducted. A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the individual and herd prevalence of antibodies against H3N8 and H7N7 IAV in equids in Andalusia (southern Spain). Antibody against IAV was measured by the single radial haemolysis assay. A spatial scan statistical analysis was carried out using a Bernoulli model. Risk factors associated with IAV infection were assessed by multivariate analysis. Antibodies to H3N8 IAV were detected in 241 out of 464 unvaccinated equids (51.9%; 95% CI: 47.4–56.5). Seropositivity against the H7N7 subtype IAV was not found in any of the analysed animals. Significantly higher seropositivity was found in geriatric (OR= 6.1, P = 0.008, 95% CI= 1.6 – 23.1) and adult (OR= 4.8, P < 0.001, 95% CI= 2.5 – 9.0) equids compared to young. Specific antibodies against A/equine/Shropshire/2010 (H3N8) or A/equine/Newmarket/5/2003 (H3N8) only were confirmed in 11 and 45 of the animals, respectively. The spatial analysis showed a statistically significant cluster centred in the west part of Andalusia. The results confirmed widespread H3N8 subtype IAV exposure in equine species in Andalusia. Conversely, the absence of seropositivity against H7N7 IAV obtained in the present study suggests that this subtype has not circulated in southern Spain in recent years. Because of the animal health and economic consequences of IAV in equids, further surveillance and molecular studies are required to monitor and characterize the most prevalent IAV circulating in these species in Spain

Synthese de dienes polyfonctionnels et chiraux. Utilisation a la preparation de produits naturels a l'aide de reactions intramoleculaires de carbenes

SIGLECNRS T 58278 / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

Utilisation de complexes organometalliques du fer pour des syntheses enantiocontrolees de molecules d'interet biologique

SIGLEINIST T 76783 / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

Étude analytique sur la traduction de quelques termes juridiques en matière de réparation des crimes de l'histoire

Polysémie des termes, complexité des concepts et nuances extra-fines, nombreuses sont les caractéristiques du droit. Confronté à cet Art exact, comme le dénomme Steiner, il n'est pas évident pour le traducteur de sélectionner les bonnes équivalences notamment s'il s'agit d'un droit qui se développe progressivement comme le droit international. Nous tenterons dans ce travail de présenter une amorce d'une analyse de quelques termes inhérents au domaine de la réparation des crimes de l'histoire tout en expliquant les concepts qui sont désignés par ces termes et les nuances délicates qui peuvent les différencier d'autre termes. Nous proposons enfin leurs équivalents en arabe