ANALISIS KANDUNGAN PROTEIN YANG TERDAPAT DALAM DAUN JAMBU BIJI (Psidium guajava L.) MENGGUNAKAN METODE KJELDAHL & SPEKTROFOTOMETRI UV-VIS

Protein merupakan salah satu makronutrisi yang memilki peranan penting dalam pembentukan biomolekul. Protein dapat ditemukan dalam berbagai tumbuhan, salah satunya adalah daun jambu biji. Daun jambu biji mempunyai manfaat bagi kesehatan yaitu sebagai antiinflamasi, antidiare, analgesik, antibakteri, antidiabetes, antihipertensi, mengurangi demam dan penambah trombosit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat apakah terdapat kandungan protein pada daun jambu biji (Psidium guajava L.) dan berapa besar kandungan protein daun jambu biji tersebut. Parameter yang digunakan yaitu uji kualitatif dan uji kuantitatif, pada uji kualitatif dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode biuret untuk mengetahui ada atau tidaknya kandungan protein pada daun jambu biji, sedangkan uji kuantitatif dilakukan dengan metode kjeldahl dan Spektrofotometri Uv-Vis untuk mengetahui kadar protein yang terdapat pada daun jambu biji tersebut. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat kandungan daun jambu biji dengan uji biuret, dan pada metode kjeldahl diperoleh kadar protein rata-rata 0,131% pada daun jambu biji tua dan diperoleh rata-rata 0,113% pada daun jambu biji muda, sedangkan pada metode Spektrofotometri Uv-Vis diperoleh rata-rata pada daun jambu biji tua sebesar 0,142% dan daun jambu biji muda sebesar 0,053%

Natural and Vaccine-Mediated Immunity to Salmonella Typhimurium is Impaired by the Helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis

The impact of exposure to multiple pathogens concurrently or consecutively on immune function is unclear. Here, immune responses induced by combinations of the bacterium Salmonella Typhimurium (STm) and the helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb), which causes a murine hookworm infection and an experimental porin protein vaccine against STm, were examined. Mice infected with both STm and Nb induced similar numbers of Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes compared with singly infected mice, as determined by flow cytometry, although lower levels of secreted Th2, but not Th1 cytokines were detected by ELISA after re-stimulation of splenocytes. Furthermore, the density of FoxP3+ T cells in the T zone of co-infected mice was lower compared to mice that only received Nb, but was greater than those that received STm. This reflected the intermediate levels of IL-10 detected from splenocytes. Co-infection compromised clearance of both pathogens, with worms still detectable in mice weeks after they were cleared in the control group. Despite altered control of bacterial and helminth colonization in co-infected mice, robust extrafollicular Th1 and Th2-reflecting immunoglobulin-switching profiles were detected, with IgG2a, IgG1 and IgE plasma cells all detected in parallel. Whilst extrafollicular antibody responses were maintained in the first weeks after co-infection, the GC response was less than that in mice infected with Nb only. Nb infection resulted in some abrogation of the longer-term development of anti-STm IgG responses. This suggested that prior Nb infection may modulate the induction of protective antibody responses to vaccination. To assess this we immunized mice with porins, which confer protection in an antibody-dependent manner, before challenging with STm. Mice that had resolved a Nb infection prior to immunization induced less anti-porin IgG and had compromised protection against infection. These findings demonstrate that co-infection can radically alter the development of protective immunity during natural infection and in response to immunization

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Suppression and azimuthal anisotropy of prompt and nonprompt J/psi production in PbPb collisions at root S-NN=2.76 TeV

The nuclear modification factor RAA and the azimuthal anisotropy coefficient v2 of prompt and nonprompt (i.e. those from decays of b hadrons) J/ψ mesons, measured from PbPb and pp collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV at the LHC, are reported. The results are presented in several event centrality intervals and several kinematic regions, for transverse momenta pT>6.5 GeV/c and rapidity |y|<2.4 , extending down to pT=3 GeV/c in the 1.6<|y|<2.4 range. The v2 of prompt J/ψ is found to be nonzero, but with no strong dependence on centrality, rapidity, or pT over the full kinematic range studied. The measured v2 of nonprompt J/ψ is consistent with zero. The RAA of prompt J/ψ exhibits a suppression that increases from peripheral to central collisions but does not vary strongly as a function of either y or pT in the fiducial range. The nonprompt J/ψ RAA shows a suppression which becomes stronger as rapidity or pT increases. The v2 and RAA of open and hidden charm, and of open charm and beauty, are compared

Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa melalui Model Student Fasilitator and Explaining pada Tema 7 Kelas IV SD Negeri 2 Baadia

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan respon, keaktifan dan hasil belajar siswa pada materi Keragaman Ekonomi Di Indonesia di SD Negeri 2 Baadia. Teknik Jenis penelitian ini adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK). Penelitian ini di laksanakan pada Semester Ganjil Tahun 2022/2023. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian tindakan kelas dengan subjek penelitian ini sebanyak 28 siswa. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan 4 komponen yaitu: perencaaan, tindakan, pengamatan dan observasi dan refleksi. Adapun teknik analisis data yaitu memastikan nilai kriteria ketuntasan minimal (kkm) sebesar 70. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pada Siklus 1 dan Siklus II diketahui ada peningkatan hasil belajar pada materi Indahnya Keragaman Ekonomi Di Indonesia. Pada Siklus 1 terdapat 19 siswa yang memperoleh nilai di atas KKM atau 67% tuntas dan 9 Siswa yang memperoleh nilai di bawah KKM atau 32% belum Tuntas. Dan pada Siklus II terdapat 25 siswa yang memperoleh nilai diatas KKM atau 89% Tuntas dan 3 siswa memperoleh nilai di bawah KKM atau 10% belum tuntas. Hasil Penelitian dapat disimpulkan berhasil karena dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran student Fasilitator And Explaining (SFAE)

Analisis Kandungan Protein yang Terdapat dalam Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium Guajava L.) Menggunakan Metode Kjeldahl & Spektrofotometri Uv-vis

Protein merupakan salah satu makronutrisi yang memilki peranan penting dalam pembentukan biomolekul. Protein dapat ditemukan dalam berbagai tumbuhan, salah satunya adalah daun jambu biji. Daun jambu biji mempunyai manfaat bagi kesehatan yaitu sebagai antiinflamasi, antidiare, analgesik, antibakteri, antidiabetes, antihipertensi, mengurangi demam dan penambah trombosit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat apakah terdapat kandungan protein pada daun jambu biji (Psidium guajava L.) dan berapa besar kandungan protein daun jambu biji tersebut. Parameter yang digunakan yaitu uji kualitatif dan uji kuantitatif, pada uji kualitatif dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode biuret untuk mengetahui ada atau tidaknya kandungan protein pada daun jambu biji, sedangkan uji kuantitatif dilakukan dengan metode kjeldahl dan Spektrofotometri Uv-Vis untuk mengetahui kadar protein yang terdapat pada daun jambu biji tersebut. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat kandungan daun jambu biji dengan uji biuret, dan pada metode kjeldahl diperoleh kadar protein rata-rata 0,131% pada daun jambu biji tua dan diperoleh rata-rata 0,113% pada daun jambu biji muda, sedangkan pada metode Spektrofotometri Uv-Vis diperoleh rata-rata pada daun jambu biji tua sebesar 0,142% dan daun jambu biji muda sebesar 0,053%

Impact of Frailty on the Development of Proximal Junctional Failure: Does Frailty Supersede Achieving Optimal Realignment?

BACKGROUND: Patients undergoing surgery for adult spinal deformity (ASD) are often elderly, frail, and at elevated risk of adverse events perioperatively, with proximal junctional failure (PJF) occurring relatively frequently. Currently, the specific role of frailty in potentiating this outcome is poorly defined. PURPOSE: To determine if the benefits of optimal realignment in ASD, with respect to the development of PJF, can be offset by increasing frailty. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort. METHODS: Operative ASD patients (scoliosis >20°, SVA>5 cm, PT>25°, or TK>60°) fused to pelvis or below with available baseline (BL) and 2-year (2Y) radiographic and HRQL data were included. The Miller Frailty Index (FI) was used to stratify patients into 2 categories: Not Frail (FI 3). Proximal Junctional Failure (PJF) was defined using the Lafage criteria. Matched" and "unmatched" refers to ideal age-adjusted alignment post-operatively. Multivariable regression determined impact of frailty on development of PJF. RESULTS: 284 ASD patients met inclusion criteria (62.2yrs±9.9, 81%F, BMI: 27.5 kg/m2±5.3, ASD-FI: 3.4±1.5, CCI: 1.7±1.6). 43% of patients were characterized as Not Frail (NF) and 57% were characterized as Frail (F). PJF development was lower in the NF group compared to the F group, (7% vs. 18%; P=0.002). F patients had 3.2X higher risk of PJF development compared to NF patients (OR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.3-7.3, P=0.009). Controlling for baseline factors, F unmatched patients had a higher degree of PJF (OR: 1.4, 95% CI:1.02-1.8, P=0.03), however, with prophylaxis there was no increased risk. Adjusted analysis shows F patients when matched post-operatively in PI-LL had no significantly higher risk of PJF. CONCLUSIONS: An increasingly frail state is significantly associated with the development of PJF after corrective surgery for ASD. Optimal realignment may mitigate the impact of frailty on eventual PJF. Prophylaxis should be considered in frail patients who do not reach ideal alignment goals."UnknownNot hel