366 research outputs found
Valore storico, culturale e paesaggistico delle âmuraccheâ nel Bosco Ficuzza
Il vasto complesso forestale indicato come Bosco della Ficuzza ebbe origine quando Ferdinando IV di Borbone, costretto dagli avvenimenti tumultuosi del 1798 a fuggire da Napoli si trasferĂŹ in Sicilia. Essendo un grande appassionato di caccia, il sovrano fece costituire diverse tenute di caccia; cosĂŹ sorsero le tenute reali della Favorita a Palermo e quella di Ficuzza. Il Re migliorĂČ la viabilitĂ per giungere a Ficuzza, e poi quella interna al bosco. Nel 1802 diede lâincarico prima allâarchitetto palermitano Venazio Marvuglia e poi allâarchitetto Carlo Chenchi di edificare la Real Casina di Caccia, dove dimorĂČ per lunghi anni, praticando, tra tutti i suoi preferiti svaghi, la caccia e la pesca. A Ficuzza, Ferdinando IV si adoperĂČ a costituire una delle sue piĂč grandi riserve di caccia. CosĂŹ vennero riuniti i feudi di Lupo, Ficuzza e Cappelliere, costituiti i confini con âmuraccheâ (muraglie in pietra) e pilieri recanti la scritta âR.R.â, Reali Riserve, impose norme restrittive alla libera caccia. AltresĂŹ, il re dotĂČ il bosco di una ben distribuita rete viaria e si adoperĂČ alla cura dei boschi, al ripopolamento della selvaggina, facendo arrivare da fuori cinghiali, daini e cervi. Inoltre, fece costruire in vari posti del bosco rifugi per i guardiacaccia, masserie e ricoveri per gli armenti, avendo costituito grossi allevamenti di bovini e ovini, abbeveratoi e altre âinfrastruttureâ al servizio della caccia come il âpulpito del reâ, ricavato in un grosso masso di arenaria dove il re si appostava per sparare a lepri, cinghiali e daini che i battitori stanavano. Altra struttura degna di menzione Ăš la âpescheria del Gorgo del Dragoâ, uno stagno alimentato da una sorgente perenne dove il re, durante il riposo venatorio per il ripopolamento della selvaggina, si dilettava a pescare, ospite nella adiacente casa, oggi ridotta ad un rudere. Le muracche erano state costruite con massi di varia dimensione accatastati in modo da formare dei parallelepipedi di larghezza di circa 1 m, e alte fino a 2 m, a formare estese muraglie lungo i confini delle tenute di caccia reali. Una sorta di recinzioni che servivano a proteggere le aree destinate al ripopolamento della selvaggina ma anche i boschi, tanto cari al re, soggetti agli interventi selvicolturali. Infatti, il re al suo primo sopralluogo a Ficuzza, scrisse nel suo diario di bordo â... i boschi sono ampi e ricchi di selvaggina, ma mal tenuti e troppo sfruttatiâ. Ecco perchĂ©, appena stabilitosi a Ficuzza, il Re iniziĂČ ad adoperarsi per ricostituire i boschi degradati e troppo sfruttati, proteggendoli dal pascolo e da ogni pericolo con le muracche. Lungo le muracche erano presenti dei passaggi delimitati da cancelli, usati per il transito dei boscaioli e della selvaggina. Nei vertici delle muracche erano presenti i pilieri in pietra che, oltre alla scritta âR.R.â, riportavano sopra questâultima il simbolo della corona reale. Lâopera meritoria di Ferdinando IV di Borbone Ăš stata decisiva nella destinazione della âForesta nazionale inalienabile di Ficuzzaâ come âStazione climaticaâ ai sensi della Legge n. 535 del 1901 del Regno dâItalia. Delle muracche originarie oggi sono rimaste solo le vestigia coperte da muschi e intrigate nella vegetazione. LâEnte gestore della Riserva ha ripristinato solo una piccola parte degli antichi manufatti a scopo dimostrativo della originaria forma strutturale. Lâobiettivo di questo lavoro Ăš stato quello di realizzare un inventario dellâattuale consistenza e stato di manutenzione delle muracche e di tutte le altre infrastrutture ancora esistenti al fine di ricostruire il loro originale sviluppo allâinterno della foresta. Tale inventario, oltre ad essere importante dal punto di vista storico, culturale e paesaggistico, puĂČ contribuire alla ricostruzione storica della gestione forestale dei boschi di Ficuzza e, al tempo stesso, puĂČ avere un ruolo chiave nella definizione del particellare ai fini della redazione del piano di gestione forestale della riserva. PuĂČ inoltre essere la base per avviare un serio progetto di recupero di questo patrimonio indissolubilmente legato alla storia umana e naturale di Ficuzza.The vast wooded area known as âBosco Ficuzzaâ originated when Ferdinando IV Borbone, forced by the tumultuous events in 1798 to escape from Naples, moved to Sicily. The King, being a great hunting enthusiast, established several hunting estates; thus the royal estates of the Favorita in Palermo and that of Ficuzza rose. The King improved the viability to reach Ficuzza, and then those inside the forest. In 1802 he was commissioned to the venetian architect Venazio Marvuglia and then to the architect Carlo Chenchi to build the âReal Casina di Cacciaâ, where he lived for many years, practicing, among all his favorite leisure activities, hunting and fishing. In Ficuzza, Ferdinando IV worked to constitute one of his largest hunting reserves. Thus the fiefs of Lupo, Ficuzza and Cappelliere were reunited, the boundaries constituted with âmuraccheâ" (stone walls) and âpilieriâ (stone stacks) bearing the inscription "R.R.", Reali Riserve (i.e. Royal Reserves), and he imposed restrictive rules to free hunting. Also, the King endowed the forest with a well-distributed road network and he worked to the care of the woods, to repopulate the game species, by bringing out wild boar, fallow deer and deer. Moreover, in various places of the forest, he had it built shelters for the keepers, farms and shelters for livestock, having formed large cattle and sheep farms, drinking troughs and other infrastructures at the service of hunting such as the "The King's pulpit", obtained from a large sandstone boulder where the King used to shoot hares, wild boars and fallow deer that the beaters used to drive out. Another structure worthy of mention is the âfishmonger of the Gorgo del Dragoâ, a pond fed by a perennial spring where the King, during the hunting rest for the repopulation of the game species, was delighted to fish, guest in the adjacent house, today reduced to a ruin. The muracche had been built with boulders of various dimensions stacked so as to form parallelepipeds with a width of about 1 m, and up to 2 m tall, to form extensive walls along the boundaries of royal hunting estates. They were a kind of fences that served to protect the areas destined to the repopulation of the game species but also the woods, so dear to the King, subjected to silvicultural interventions. In fact, the King at his first visit to Ficuzza, wrote in his logbook â... the woods are wide and rich in game species, but poorly managed and too much exploitedâ. This is why, as soon as he settled in Ficuzza, the King began to work to recover the degraded and over-exploited forests, protecting them from grazing and from any other danger with the muracche. Along the muracche there were passages delimited by gates, used for the transit of woodcutters and game species. At the top of the muracche there were stone stacks which, in addition to the inscription âR.R.â, had the symbol of the royal crown above it. The meritorious work of Ferdinand IV of Bourbon was decisive in the destination of the "Inalienable National Forest of Ficuzza" as "Climate Station" in accordance with the Law n. 535 of 1901 of the Kingdom of Italy. Of the original muracche today there are only the remains covered by mosses and intrigued in the vegetation. The managing body of the Reserve has restored only a small part of the ancient artifacts for demonstration purposes of the original structural form. The objective of this work is to create an inventory of the current consistency and state of maintenance of the muracche and of all the other infrastructures still existing in order to reconstruct their original development within the forest. This inventory, in addition to being important from an historical, cultural and landscape point of view, can contribute to the historical reconstruction of the forest management of the Ficuzza woods and, at the same time, can play a key role in defining particles for the purposes of drawing up the forest management plan of the reserve. It can also be the basis for starting a serious project to recover this heritage inextricably linked to the human and natural history of Ficuzza
The politics of property in a European periphery : the ownership of books, berries, and patents in the Grand Duchy of Finland 1850-1910
Defence date: 7 November 2016Examining Board: Professor Youssef Cassis, EUI (Supervisor); Professor Pauli Kettunen, University of Helsinki (External Supervisor); Professor Luca Molà , EUI; Professor Lionel Bently, University of CambridgeIn the late nineteenth century, the Grand Duchy of Finland benefited from its backward position in the peripheral corner of Europe; its export markets expanded, career opportunities were sought abroad, and foreign ideas and technology were translated and appropriated. At the same time, the identity of the young nation state as a part of the Russian Empire was being put together by its educated elite, whose national projects would react to foreign developments and amalgamate with the expertise acquired abroad. This included the reconciliation of private, collective and state interests over natural resources and intangible ideas. This thesis explores and adds to the scattered knowledge of four areas of intangible and material ownership in the country: inventions and literary works, trees and wild berries (allemansrÀtt, public access to nature). The thesis aims to understand how ownership, in general, became defined and how these specific property rights were produced as part of the peripheral dynamics in the Grand Duchy. The study analyses the political processes around the key legislative reforms in which the existing structures of ownership became challenged and reshaped. The thesis argues that the peripheral perception related to the economic and intellectual context was central to conceptualising "property". It allowed comparative reflection and learning from abroad, but the spatio-temporal relation served also to frame and guide the property reforms according to the interests of the political factions, for instance, by emphasising the particular or universal aspects of the reform. In general, a pragmatic, liberal line of thinking which favoured domestic interests permeated the reforms. The rhetoric of the sanctity of private property was commonly used, but in a way that incorporated the interests of the public; differences in the concept of property pertained especially to the role of the public and the way in which the common interest was seen to manifest itself
Ujghuren im chinesisch-kasachstanischen Grenzgebiet: Wirtschaftlicher Wandel und seine Auswirkungen
Die Ujghuren sind in den letzten Monaten durch Beijings UnterdrĂŒckung seiner muslimischen Bevölkerung in den Fokus der Ăffentlichkeit gerĂŒckt. Doch leben auch in Kasachstan (und Kirgistan) viele Angehörige dieser Ethnie. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Traditionen und Lebensweisen der nahe der chinesischen Grenze lebenden kasachstanischen Ujghuren wie auch ihre ökonomische Situation, ihre Anpassung an die Ăffnung der Grenze zu China nach dem Zerfall der Sowjetunion, beschrieben
Suklaan suojassa, tilinteossa tekstiilitehtaalla : tutkimus Helsingin ja Lyonin venÀlÀisistÀ yhteisöistÀ 1920-luvulla
VenĂ€jĂ€ltĂ€ oli muuttanut siirtolaisia Euroopan pÀÀkaupunkeihin 1800-luvun lopulta alkaen. EnsimmĂ€inen maailmansota, VenĂ€jĂ€n vallankumoukset ja sisĂ€llissota muokkasivat Euroopan venĂ€lĂ€isyhteisöjen rakennetta, kun sadattuhannet ihmiset pakenivat maasta. M. Raeffin mukaan vallankumouspakolaisuuden myötĂ€ syntyi 'VenĂ€jĂ€ rajojensa ulkopuolella', joka ilmeni venĂ€lĂ€isen intellektuellin ja kulttuurisen elĂ€mĂ€n sekĂ€ niiden pohjana olleiden instituutioiden kautta. TĂ€ssĂ€ tutkimuksessa argumentoidaan, C. Gousseffiin ja V. M. Selunskaiaan nojaten, ettĂ€ 'VenĂ€jĂ€ rajojensa ulkopuolella' oli yksi pakolaisten (tai emigranttien) tulkinta nykyisyydestÀÀn. R. Koselleckin kokemusten ja odotusten kĂ€siteparia soveltaen voi VenĂ€jĂ€n keisarikunnan romahduksen nĂ€hdĂ€ johtaneen tilanteeseen, jossa venĂ€lĂ€isten maailman mennyt â kokemukset â eivĂ€t enÀÀ olleet suorassa yhteydessĂ€ maailman tulevaan â odotuksiin. TĂ€mĂ€n murroksen yksi tulkintatapa oli selitys 'toisen VenĂ€jĂ€n' olemassaolosta.
Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan Helsingin ja Lyonin venĂ€lĂ€isiĂ€ yhteisöjĂ€, niiden sosiaalista ja taloudellista rakennetta 1920-luvulla. NĂ€in pyritÀÀn kuvaamaan niitĂ€ reunaehtoja, jotka mÀÀrittivĂ€t venĂ€lĂ€isten kĂ€sitystĂ€ muuttuneesta nykyisyydestÀÀn. Tarkemmin yhteisöihin perehdytÀÀn kahden tehtaan työntekijĂ€korttien kautta; työntekijĂ€kortit muodostavat tutkimuksen tĂ€rkeimmĂ€n lĂ€hteen. Tehtaiksi on valittu Fazerin makeistehdas sekĂ€ tekstiilitehdas Manufactures de Velours et Peluche. Tutkimustapa noudattaa ranskalaisen O. Le Guillouân Pariisin esikaupungin Renaultân tehtaan venĂ€lĂ€isistĂ€ tekemÀÀ tutkimusta, jossa yhteisön rakennetta tarkastellaan työntekijĂ€korteista muodostetun kvantitatiivisen aineiston avulla.
Tutkielma jakautuu kolmeen osaan: ihmiset, kaupungit ja työ. EnsimmÀisessÀ osassa tarkastellaan venÀlÀisten työntekijÀyhteisöjen rakennetta: työntekijÀmÀÀriÀ, ikÀ- ja perherakennetta. Toiseksi tutkitaan mistÀ venÀlÀiset olivat lÀhtöisin ja mihin he kohdekaupungissa pÀÀtyivÀt asumaan. ViimeisessÀ osassa kÀsitellÀÀn venÀlÀisten suhdetta työhön sekÀ työnantajiin ja arvioidaan heidÀn asemaansa kuluttajina sekÀ osana työhierarkiaa.
JohtopÀÀtöksenĂ€ todetaan, ettĂ€ Manufacturesâin ja Fazerin â Lyonin ja Helsingin â venĂ€lĂ€iset yhteisöt erosivat merkittĂ€vĂ€sti toisistaan. Fazerin yhteisö oli muodoltaan perhe- ja sukukeskeinen sekĂ€ kohtuullisen varakas. Työsuhteet tehtaalla olivat pitkĂ€kestoisia. Taloudelliset tekijĂ€t eivĂ€t kuitenkaan nĂ€ytĂ€ toimineen kannustimena pitkiin työsuhteisiin, vaan pysyvyyteen vaikuttivat pikemminkin tehtaan venĂ€lĂ€ismielisyys, emigranttipiirit ja ympĂ€röivĂ€n yhteiskunnan vihamielisyys. Lyonin tekstiilitehtaan yhteisö muodostui pÀÀosin samasta 23â32-vuotiaiden miespolvesta, työsuhteet olivat lyhyitĂ€ ja asuinpaikat sijaitsivat Lyonin itĂ€isillĂ€ teollisuusalueilla. Lyonin venĂ€lĂ€isille tekstiilitehdas oli yksi etappi Ranskan työtaipaleella. Reunaehdot, jotka mÀÀrittivĂ€t kokemuksia ja odotuksia Lyonissa ja HelsingissĂ€ erosivat toisistaan niin paljon, ettĂ€ myös tulkinnat nykyisyydestĂ€ olivat erilaisia. Selunskaian ajatusten mukainen emigraation kĂ€sitteiden ja kĂ€siterakenteiden toimijakohtainen tarkastelu on hedelmĂ€llinen ratkaisu tutkimuskentĂ€llĂ€ tulevaisuudessa
Tekniikan Waiheiden artikkelipalkinto Petri Pajulle
The Society for the History of Technology awarded the prize for the best article published in Tekniikan Waiheita in 2021-2022 at its autumn meeting at the Tekniikan Museum on 11 December. The winner of the award docent Petri Paju was awarded the prize for his article "Atomic priesthood, nuclear semiotics and Finland. In the margins of thinking about the future of nuclear waste management." (Tekniikan Waiheita 2/2022). The article discusses the Finnish debate on the final disposal of nuclear waste and how to warn future generations about nuclear waste.Tekniikan Historian Seura jakoi syyskokouksessaan Tekniikan Museolla 11. joulukuuta palkinnon parhaasta Tekniikan Waiheissa vuosina 2021-2022 julkaistusta artikkelista. Palkinnon voitti dos. Petri Paju artikkelillaan "Atomipapisto, ydinjÀtevaaran semiotiikka ja Suomi. YdinjÀtehuollon tulevaisuusajattelun reunoilla." (Tekniikan Waiheita 2/2022). Artikkeli kÀsittelee suomalaista keskustelua ydinjÀtteiden loppusijoituksesta ja siitÀ, kuinka ydinjÀtteistÀ voidaan varoittaa tulevaisuuden ihmistÀ
I RIMBOSCHIMENTI DI CEDRO DELLâATLANTE [Cedrus atlantica (ENDL.) MANETTI EX CARRIĂRE] IN SICILIA
Il cedro dellâAtlante [Cedrus atlantica (ENDL.) MANETTI EX CARRIĂRE], introdotto in Europa come pianta ornamentale, ha trovato largo impiego nei rimboschimenti in Francia, Spagna e Portogallo, mentre in Italia la sua diffusione Ăš stata piĂč recente e a oggi interessa oltre 2600 ettari, dimostrando ottime potenzialitĂ , senza comportamenti invasivi. In Sicilia, benchĂ© poco diffusa, la specie sembra avere potenzialitĂ di adattamento e di produzione interessanti. Il presente lavoro prende in considerazione 7 popolamenti di cedro dell'Atlante dislocati in ambiti diversi rappresentativi delle condizioni ambientali locali, compatibili con le esigenze ecologiche della specie, tra questi un rimboschimento sottoposto a interventi di diradamento. Sono state esaminate le caratteristiche dendro-auxometriche dei popolamenti al fine di valutarne le potenzialitĂ produttive. I risultati mostrano che i popolamenti in esame hanno ottima capacitĂ di affermazione, seguono gli sviluppi tipici della specie e hanno possibilitĂ di produzione elevate, pari a quelle riscontrate in letteratura per le piantagioni realizzate in Francia. Inoltre si nota l'interessante ruolo paesaggistico, sia pur considerandone la natura alloctona, che questi popolamenti possono svolgere in ambiti di non facile colonizzazione per specie arboree. Infine si suggeriscono alcuni indirizzi di gestione volti ad assicurarne la migliore affermazione e la possibilitĂ di rinnovazione, sia pur su scala locale.
Atlas cedar (ENDL.) MANETTI EX CARRIĂRE] plantations in Sicily
Atlas Cedar has been widely diffused in reforestation in Europe, particularly in France. In Italy, the Atlas Cedar cover about 2600 ha. This paper examines 7 cedar plantations in Sicily, in the various typical condition of the island, evaluating their dendrometric characters in order to estimate productivity and growth capacity. The results show that this specie is both highly suitable for wood production, and has a landscape restoration role in difficult ecological conditions such as the Mediterranean mountain environment is. The stand production is comparable with the better results reported for the French plantations. Some cultivation advices in order to better manage these stands and locally assure natural regeneration are also addressed
Optimizing the Sampling Area across an Old-Growth Forest via UAV-Borne Laser Scanning, GNSS, and Radial Surveying
Aboveground biomass, volume, and basal area are among the most important structural attributes in forestry. Direct measurements are cost-intensive and time-consuming, especially for old-growth forests exhibiting a complex structure over a rugged topography. We defined a methodology to optimize the plot size and the (total) sampling area, allowing for structural attributes with a tolerable error to be estimated. The plot size was assessed by analyzing the semivariogram of a CHM model derived via UAV laser scanning, while the sampling area was based on the calculation of the absolute relative error as a function of allometric relationships. The allometric relationships allowed the structural attributes from treesâ height to be derived. The validation was based on the positioning of a number of trees via total station and GNSS surveys. Since high trees occlude the GNSS signal transmission, a strategy to facilitate the positioning was to fix the solution using the GLONASS constellation alone (showing the highest visibility during the survey), and then using the GPS constellation to increase the position accuracy (up to PDOP~5â10). The tree heights estimated via UAV laser scanning were strongly correlated (r2 = 0.98, RMSE = 2.80 m) with those measured in situ. Assuming a maximum absolute relative error in the estimation of the structural attribute (20% within this work), the proposed methodology allowed the portion of the forest surface (â€60%) to be sampled to be quantified to obtain a low average error in the calculation of the above mentioned structural attributes (â€13
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