2,673 research outputs found
FIRST IN RIGHT: THE KEYSTONE OF WATER RIGHTS LAW PRESENTS AND FACES CHALLENGES IN A POPULATED WEST
With fewer than a million people, Montana is one of the last states to tackle some problems that accompany population growth. One such problem is access to water. Water users file with the state for rights to use water, both above and below ground. Users with older rights have a higher priority to receive water during droughts. This is the foundation of Montana water law. Water rights experts believe all the water has been claimed in many if not all the river basins in the state. The state is evaluating all water rights to see if this is true. In the meantime, the Legislature has identified basins where they believe all the water is claimed. These basins are closed so no more rights may be issued. People continue to move into closed basins, increasing water demand. Past city leaders usually acquired water rights to large quantities of water, more than the town needed at the time. As neighborhoods were added, towns had the water to serve them. With the recent rapid growth in Montana, some towns have no excess water left. Those in closed basins can claim no additional water from the state. Their only option is to buy existing rights. Buying rights is not a simple process. Along with having to meet rigid criteria, rights have to be available. Those few that are available can get expensive, sometimes too expensive for towns to afford. If a town cannot get rights to more water, people can still move into the area. They will live in sprawling subdivisions where each house has its own well. Montana has an exemption where owners of small wells don’t need rights to use the water. Slowly, people are realizing that these exempt wells take the water on which water rights owners depend. Seniority loses its power when well owners don’t have to play by the rules. So, many are suggesting that the well exemption be modified or eliminated. It’s an uphill battle in the Montana Legislature
Electrochemical method for the determination of phosphate in natural water
The objective of this project was to develop a method for the determination of phosphate in natural water which would be an improvement over the presently accepted spectrophotometric technique in terms of detection limit and freedom from interference. Cathodic stripping chronopotentiometry was found to be an analytically sensitive method for phosphate analysis. The technique is based upon the reversible oxidation of a metallic indicator electrode to an insoluble phosphate salt film. When copper is used as the indicator electrode, the detection limit is 10 ppb. Control of the pH at 6.0 and removal of oxygen from the solution eliminates anticipated interferences in natural water samples. The major drawback of the method is that under the electrolysis conditions employed, salt of mixed stoichiometry is deposited which subsequently results in two separate stripping steps. When mercury is the indicator electrode, the system approaches true Nernstian behavior, so a detection limit considerably below 10 ppb is anticipated. However, an observed interference of chloride ion has, to the present, limited application of the electrode to solutions containing phosphate in excess of 50 ppb.U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological SurveyOpe
The procurement and evaluation of a prototype laser satellite-tracking system Final report, 1 Jan. 1967 - 30 Sep. 1968
Pulsed ruby laser satellite tracking syste
Oxidative Metabolism in Perfused Surviving Dog Skin11From the Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. This work was supported in part by the Research and Development Division, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, Contract number DA-49-007-MD-411.
Plasma Relaxation and Topological Aspects in Hall Magnetohydrodynamics
Parker's formulation of isotopological plasma relaxation process in
magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is extended to Hall MHD. The torsion coefficient
alpha in the Hall MHD Beltrami condition turns out now to be proportional to
the "potential vorticity." The Hall MHD Beltrami condition becomes equivalent
to the "potential vorticity" conservation equation in two-dimensional (2D)
hydrodynamics if the Hall MHD Lagrange multiplier beta is taken to be
proportional to the "potential vorticity" as well. The winding pattern of the
magnetic field lines in Hall MHD then appears to evolve in the same way as
"potential vorticity" lines in 2D hydrodynamics
A Study of Bicycle Design as it Affects Safety of Operation
This paper presents the results of studies concerned with bicycle design and safety of operation. One study concerned the relationship between handlebar design, i.e., racing, regular and hi-rise, to bicycle control. It was found that the popular racing style handlebars used on the popular ten-speed bicycle produces problems in sensing visual and auditory information and responding to this information as compared to the regular handlebar design.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline
FLI-1 Flightless-1 and LET-60 Ras control germ line morphogenesis in C. elegans
Background: In the C. elegans germ line, syncytial germ line nuclei are arranged at the cortex of the germ line as they exit mitosis and enter meiosis, forming a nucleus-free core of germ line cytoplasm called the rachis. Molecular mechanisms of rachis formation and germ line organization are not well understood.
Results: Mutations in the fli-1 gene disrupt rachis organization without affecting meiotic differentiation, a phenotype in C. elegans referred to here as the
g
erm
l
ine
m
orphogenesis (Glm) phenotype. In fli-1 mutants, chains of meiotic germ nuclei spanned the rachis and were partially enveloped by invaginations of germ line plasma membrane, similar to nuclei at the cortex. Extensions of the somatic sheath cells that surround the germ line protruded deep inside the rachis and were associated with displaced nuclei in fli-1 mutants. fli-1 encodes a molecule with leucine-rich repeats and gelsolin repeats similar to Drosophila flightless 1 and human Fliih, which have been shown to act as cytoplasmic actin regulators as well as nuclear transcriptional regulators. Mutations in let-60 Ras, previously implicated in germ line development, were found to cause the Glm phenotype. Constitutively-active LET-60 partially rescued the fli-1 Glm phenotype, suggesting that LET-60 Ras and FLI-1 might act together to control germ line morphogenesis.
Conclusion: FLI-1 controls germ line morphogenesis and rachis organization, a process about which little is known at the molecular level. The LET-60 Ras GTPase might act with FLI-1 to control germ line morphogenesis
Modeling X-ray Loops and EUV "Moss" in an Active Region Core
The Soft X-ray intensity of loops in active region cores and corresponding
footpoint, or moss, intensity observed in the EUV remain steady for several
hours of observation. The steadiness of the emission has prompted many to
suggest that the heating in these loops must also be steady, though no direct
comparison between the observed X-ray and EUV intensities and the steady
heating solutions of the hydrodynamic equations has yet been made. In this
paper, we perform these simulations and simultaneously model the X-Ray and EUV
moss intensities in one active regioncore with steady uniform heating. To
perform this task, we introduce a new technique to constrain the model
parameters using the measured EUV footpoint intensity to infer a heating rate.
We find that a filling factor of 8% and loops that expand with height provides
the best agreement with the intensity in two X-ray filters, though the
simulated SXT Al12 intensity is 147% the observed intensity and the SXT AlMg
intensity is 80% the observed intensity. From this solution, we determine the
required heating rate scales as . Finally we
discuss the future potential of this type of modeling, such as the ability to
use density measurements to fully constrain filling factor, and its
shortcomings, such as the requirement to use potential field extrapolations to
approximate the coronal field.Comment: 17 pages, 6 figurs, accepted to Ap
Caloric restriction alleviates abnormal locomotor activity and dopamine levels in the brain of the methionine sulfoxide reductase A knockout mouse
Oxidative stress is associated with the aging process, a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, and decreased by reduced energy intake. Oxidative modifications can affect protein function; the sulfur-containing amino acids, including methionine, are particularly susceptible to oxidation. A methionine sulfoxide can be enzymatically reduced by the methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr) system. Previously, we have shown that MsrA−/− mice exhibit altered locomotor activity and brain dopamine levels as function of age. Previous studies have demonstrated that a caloric restriction enhances antioxidant defense and reduces the action of reactive oxygen species. Here we examine locomotor behavior and dopamine levels of MsrA−/− mice after caloric restriction starting at 8 months of age and ending at 17 months. The MsrA−/− mice did not have any significant difference in spontaneous distance traveled when compared to controls at 17 months of age. In contrast, our previous report showed decreased locomotor activity in the MsrA−/− mice at 12 months of age and older when fed ad-libitum. After completion of the caloric restriction diet, dopamine levels were comparable to control mice. This differs from the abnormal dopamine levels previously observed in MsrA−/− mice fed ad-libitum. Thus, caloric restriction had a neutralization effect on MsrA ablation. In summary, it is suggested that caloric restriction alleviates abnormal locomotor activity and dopamine levels in the brain of the methionine sulfoxide reductase A knockout mouse
A Method for Data-Driven Simulations of Evolving Solar Active Regions
We present a method for performing data-driven simulations of solar active
region formation and evolution. The approach is based on magnetofriction, which
evolves the induction equation assuming the plasma velocity is proportional to
the Lorentz force. The simulations of active region coronal field are driven by
temporal sequences of photospheric magnetograms from the Helioseismic Magnetic
Imager (HMI) instrument onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). Under
certain conditions, the data-driven simulations produce flux ropes that are
ejected from the modeled active region due to loss of equilibrium. Following
the ejection of flux ropes, we find an enhancement of the photospheric
horizontal field near the polarity inversion line. We also present a method for
the synthesis of mock coronal images based on a proxy emissivity calculated
from the current density distribution in the model. This method yields mock
coronal images that are somewhat reminiscent of images of active regions taken
by instruments such as SDO's Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) at extreme
ultraviolet wavelengths.Comment: Accepted to ApJ; comments/questions related to this article are
welcome via e-mail, even after publicatio
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