Escravidão africana na produção de alimentos. São Paulo no século 19

A utilização do trabalho escravo na América esteve associada com a agricultura para exportação. Entretanto, não houve regime escravista no qual os escravos foram utilizados somente naqueles cultivos; mesmo nas áreas mais orientadas para a exportação, houve produção de gêneros alimentícios para consumo próprio e abastecimento do mercado local. Porém, em poucos casos essa atividade foi tão marcante como na economia escravista no Brasil, em especial nas áreas pioneiras da cafeicultura em São Paulo, na primeira metade do século 19. A análise desse processo de produção é o objetivo deste artigo.The utilization of slave labor in America was associated with export agriculture, although there was no slave regime which used slaves exclusively in such cultivation. Even in the areas most oriented toward exports, there was slave production of foodstuffs for subsistence and local market sales. But in few cases was this activity as important as in the slave economy in Brazil particularly in the pioneer areas of coffee production in São Paulo in the first half of the 19th century. The analysis of this process of foodstuffs production is the object of this article

Dinâmica da atividade agrícola até meados do século XIX

Until the beginning of the 20th century, the history of Brazil was marked by the dynamics of agricultural activity with both large-scale export crops and agriculture aimed at supplying the domestic market, the latter sometimes confused with subsistence farming. Although the international market was the dynamic element, the effects to supply the internal market are essential to explain the history, occupation and population of Brazilian territory. In this article we aim to analyze the dynamics of agriculture in the first centuries of colonization, both exporting activities and those dedicated to the domestic market, and its situation in the mid-nineteenth century period of consolidation of coffee farming, which profoundly altered the national productive structure and the infrastructure economy and in particular the transport system.Até o início do século XX a história do Brasil foi marcada pela dinâmica da atividade agrícola, tanto a grande lavoura exportadora, como a agropecuária voltada ao abastecimento do mercado interno, que se confundia com a atividade de subsistência. Embora o mercado internacional fosse o elemento dinâmico, os efeitos sobre as atividades não exportadoras são essenciais para explicar a história, ocupação e povoamento do território brasileiro. Neste artigo objetivamos analisar a dinâmica da agricultura nos primeiros séculos de colonização, tanto as atividades exportadoras como as dedicadas ao mercado interno, e sua situação em meados do século XIX, período de consolidação da cafeicultura, que alterou profundamente a estrutura produtiva nacional e a infraestrutura econômica

Escravos e senhores no Brasil no início do século XIX: São Paulo em 1829

Through an analysis of the nominal manuscript listings, it was our proposal to make a thorough study of the slave population and its owners. We have selected three communities in the province of Sao Paulo of 1829: Mogi das Cruzes, Itu and the city of Sao Paulo. Relevant variables, such as sex, age, origin, marital status, the occupation of the slave owner, as well as the structure of slave ownership, have been taken into consideration. We have attempted to compare our results with those obtained in other research work in Brazil, as well as with evidence of other slave regimes in the Americas, mainly those in the United States and in the West Indies. The region analyzed also revealed a rather uncommon pattern, even by Brazilian standards, in the high marriage rates among its slaves; most probably many of these marriages were performed legally. It is possible that in no other slave regime in the Americas was such a high ratio of legally married slaves to be found; moreover, few other Brazilian provinces experienced such a high incidence of slave marriages, comparable with that of their free population.A partir dos censos manuscritos nominativos, objetivamos aprofundar o estudo da população escrava e seus proprietários. . Selecionamos três localidades da Província de São Paulo em 1829: Mogi das Cruzes, Itu e a própria cidade de São Paulo. Consideramos variáveis relevantes, tais como sexo, idade, origem, estado civil, atividade do proprietário, bem como a estrutura de posse dos escravos. Procuramos comparar nossos resultados com os obtidos em outras pesquisas no Brasil, assim como com evidências existentes para outros regimes escravistas na América, principalmente Estados Unidos e Antilhas. A região estudada representava um caso incomum, até mesmo para os padrões brasileiros, na significativa ocorrência de casamentos entre escravos, muitos dos quais, é provável, formalmente legalizados. Possivelmente em nenhum outro regime escravista da América verificou-se tal proporção de escravos casados legalmente e em poucas províncias brasileiras encontram-se níveis tão elevados de casamentos entre escravos, comparáveis aos da população livre

Creando un Estado de Bienestar en un Régimen Autoritario: El Caso de Brasil

This article details the origins and evolution of the Brazilian welfare system from the time of the Estado Novo of Getúlio Vargas through the military regimes of 1964-1985. Brazil’s case is fairly unusual in that its construction of the welfare state was created by non-democratic governments. This top down approach we argue responded to government needs to provide for a modern working class for a newly industrializing nation and to control popular protest and generate support. Yet for all its authoritarian origins and structure, much of the system which was created has survived into the post-military era, with only modest change of emphasis, and is today the basis for Brazil’s social welfare state.Este artículo detalla los orígenes y la evolución del sistema de protección social brasileño desde la época del Estado Novo de Getúlio Vargas hasta los regímenes militares de 1964 a 1985. El caso de Brasil es bastante inusual, ya que el Estado de Bienestar fue creado por gobiernos no democráticos. Este enfoque de arriba hacia abajo respondió a las necesidades del gobierno tanto de satisfacer las demandas de una clase trabajadora moderna en un país de reciente industrialización como de controlar protestas populares y concitar apoyo. A pesar de sus orígenes y su estructura autoritaria, gran parte de este sistema ha sobrevivido en la era post-militar, siendo hoy, con modestos cambios de énfasis, la base del Estado de Bienestar brasileño

Contribuição ao estudo de um núcleo urbano colonial (Vila Rica: 1804)

O trabalho vertente visa a lançar luz sobre algumas particularidades da estrutura econômica e social de Vila Rica, um dos principais centros auríferos das Gerais

A label-free optical system with a nanohole array biosensor for discriminating live single cancer cells from normal cells

Developing a simple, fast, and label-free method for discrimination between live cancer cells and normal cells in biological samples still remains a challenge. Here, a system is described that fulfills these features to analyze individual living cells. The system consists of a gold nanohole array biosensor plus a microscope optical design to isolate the spectral response of a single cell. It is demonstrated that differences in the spectral behavior between tumor (colorectal cancer cell lines and primary cells from colorectal cancer tissue) and non-tumor cells (peripheral blood mononuclear cells, skin fibroblasts and colon epithelial cells) are influenced by the actin cortex, which lies within the short penetration depth of the surface plasmon electromagnetic field. The efficacy of this system was assessed by the analysis of about one thousand single cells showing the highest discrimination capacity between normal colon epithelial cells and colorectal cancer cells from surgical specimens, with values of sensitivity and specificity ranging 80-100% and 87-100%, respectively. It is also demonstrated that cell discrimination capacity of the system is highly reduced by disrupting the formation of actin cortex. This plasmonic system may find wide applications in biomedicine and to study key cellular processes that involve the actin cortex, including proliferation, differentiation, and migration.This work was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III through grant DTS18/00141, co-funded by European Regional Development Fund/ European Social Fund “A way to make Europe/Investing in your future” and Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL) (APG/03)

Oral fosfomycin for the treatment of lower urinary tract infections among kidney transplant recipients—Results of a Spanish multicenter cohort

Preliminary results of this study were presented at the 29th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ECCMID), held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, from 13 to 16 April, 2019 (oral communication O‐0699).Oral fosfomycin may constitute an alternative for the treatment of lower urinary tract infections (UTIs) in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), particularly in view of recent safety concerns with fluroquinolones. Specific data on the efficacy and safety of fosfomycin in KTR are scarce. We performed a retrospective study in 14 Spanish hospitals including KTRs treated with oral fosfomycin (calcium and trometamol salts) for posttransplant cystitis between January 2005 and December 2017. A total of 133 KTRs developed 143 episodes of cystitis. Most episodes (131 [91.6%]) were produced by gram‐negative bacilli (GNB), and 78 (54.5%) were categorized as multidrug resistant (including extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase‐producing Enterobacteriaceae [14%] or carbapenem‐resistant GNB [3.5%]). A median daily dose of 1.5 g of fosfomycin (interquartile range [IQR]: 1.5‐2) was administered for a median of 7 days (IQR: 3‐10). Clinical cure (remission of UTI‐attributable symptoms at the end of therapy) was achieved in 83.9% (120/143) episodes. Among those episodes with follow‐up urine culture, microbiological cure at month 1 was achieved in 70.2% (59/84) episodes. Percutaneous nephrostomy was associated with a lower probability of clinical cure (adjusted odds ratio: 10.50; 95% confidence interval: 0.98‐112.29; P = 0.052). In conclusion, fosfomycin is an effective orally available alternative for treating cystitis among KTRs.This study was supported by Plan Nacional de I+D+i 2013‐2016 and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Subdirección General de Redes y Centros de Investigación Cooperativa, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD16/0016)—cofinanced by the European Development Regional Fund “A way to achieve Europe”; the Group for Study of Infection in Transplantation and the Immunocompromised Host (GESITRA‐IC) of the Spanish Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (SEIMC); and the Spanish Network for Research in Renal Diseases (REDInREN RD16/0009). MFR holds a research contract “Miguel Servet” (CP 18/00073) from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, Instituto de Salud Carlos III

SOLTI-1805 TOT-HER3 Study Concept: A Window-of-Opportunity Trial of Patritumab Deruxtecan, a HER3 Directed Antibody Drug Conjugate, in Patients With Early Breast Cancer

Background: Preclinical data support a key role for the human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3) pathway in hormone receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer. Recently, new HER3 directed antibody drug conjugates have shown activity in breast cancer. Given the need to better understand the molecular biology, tumor microenvironment, and mechanisms of drug resistance in breast cancer, we designed this window-of-opportunity study with the HER3 directed antibody drug conjugate patritumab deruxtecan (HER3-DXd; U3-1402). Trial Design: Based on these data, a prospective, multicenter, single-arm, window-of-opportunity study was designed to evaluate the biological effect of patritumab deruxtecan in the treatment of naïve patients with HR-positive/HER2-negative early breast cancer whose primary tumors are ≥1 cm by ultrasound evaluation. Patients will be enrolled in four cohorts according to the mRNA-based ERBB3 expression by central assessment. The primary endpoint is a CelTIL score after one single dose. A translational research plan is also included to provide biological information and to evaluate secondary and exploratory objectives of the study