Global patient outcomes after elective surgery: prospective cohort study in 27 low-, middle- and high-income countries.

BACKGROUND: As global initiatives increase patient access to surgical treatments, there remains a need to understand the adverse effects of surgery and define appropriate levels of perioperative care. METHODS: We designed a prospective international 7-day cohort study of outcomes following elective adult inpatient surgery in 27 countries. The primary outcome was in-hospital complications. Secondary outcomes were death following a complication (failure to rescue) and death in hospital. Process measures were admission to critical care immediately after surgery or to treat a complication and duration of hospital stay. A single definition of critical care was used for all countries. RESULTS: A total of 474 hospitals in 19 high-, 7 middle- and 1 low-income country were included in the primary analysis. Data included 44 814 patients with a median hospital stay of 4 (range 2-7) days. A total of 7508 patients (16.8%) developed one or more postoperative complication and 207 died (0.5%). The overall mortality among patients who developed complications was 2.8%. Mortality following complications ranged from 2.4% for pulmonary embolism to 43.9% for cardiac arrest. A total of 4360 (9.7%) patients were admitted to a critical care unit as routine immediately after surgery, of whom 2198 (50.4%) developed a complication, with 105 (2.4%) deaths. A total of 1233 patients (16.4%) were admitted to a critical care unit to treat complications, with 119 (9.7%) deaths. Despite lower baseline risk, outcomes were similar in low- and middle-income compared with high-income countries. CONCLUSIONS: Poor patient outcomes are common after inpatient surgery. Global initiatives to increase access to surgical treatments should also address the need for safe perioperative care. STUDY REGISTRATION: ISRCTN5181700

Socioeconomic status, birth weight, maternal smoking during pregnancy and adiposity in early adult life: an analysis using structural equation modeling Situação sócio-econômica, peso ao nascer, tabagismo na gravidez e adiposidade na vida adulta jovem: uma análise utilizando-se modelagem com equações estruturais

We describe here an example of structural equation modeling in epidemiology. The association between birth weight and adiposity in early adult life, adjusted for the number of cigarettes smoked during pregnancy and socioeconomic status at birth, was evaluated. Data involving 2,063 adults from the 1978/1979 Ribeirão Preto cohort study were used. Adiposity was measured by body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and the sum of triceps and subscapular skinfolds (STSS). Models were submitted to maximum likelihood estimation, separately for men and women. Birth weight had a small and significant effect on adiposity in men (standardized coefficient, SC = 0.08) and women (SC = 0.09). Smoking during pregnancy did not influence adiposity in men (SC = 0.004), but its effect was marginally significant in women (SC = 0.07; P = 0.056). Socioeconomic status at birth had a small and positive effect on adiposity in men (SC = 0.08) and a moderate and negative effect in women (SC = -0.16). In this young adult population, BMI, WC and STSS used alone or in combination were valid estimators of body adiposity.<br>O objetivo desse artigo é apresentar um exemplo da modelagem com equações estruturais. Foi avaliada associação entre peso ao nascer e adiposidade na vida adulta jovem, ajustando-se para número de cigarros fumados na gravidez e situação sócio-econômica ao nascimento. Dados de 2.063 adultos da coorte de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil, de 1978/1979 foram utilizados. A adiposidade foi medida pelo índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência da cintura, e somatório das pregas cutâneas subescapular e a tricipital. Os modelos foram estimados por máxima verossimilhança, separadamente para homens e mulheres. O peso ao nascer teve efeito pequeno e significante na adiposidade em homens (CP - coeficiente padronizado = 0,08) e mulheres (CP = 0,09). Tabagismo materno durante a gravidez não influenciou a adiposidade em homens (CP = 0,004), mas em mulheres a significância foi marginal (CP = 0,07; p = 0,056). O efeito da situação sócio-econômica da família ao nascimento foi pequeno e positivo para os homens (CP = 0,08) e moderado e negativo (CP = -0,16) para as mulheres. Nesta população adulta jovem, os indicadores utilizados sozinhos ou em conjunto mediram bem a adiposidade corporal

Kuluttajabarometri maakunnittain 2000, 2. neljännes

Suomen virallinen tilasto (SVT

Use of failure-to-rescue to identify international variation in postoperative care in low-, middle- and high-income countries: a 7-day cohort study of elective surgery

This was an investigator-initiated study funded by Nestle Health Sciences through an unrestricted research grant and by a National Institute for Health Research (UK) Professorship held by R.P. The study was sponsored by Queen Mary University of London