Fibre Bragg gratings with various chirp profiles made in etched tapers

We have studied, both theoretically and experimentally, fibre Bragg gratings with a number of different chirp profiles. These chirp profiles can be easily achieved with a recently demonstrated technique involving a taper of desired profile being etched into the cladding of a fibre. Performances of gratings with linear, quadratic, periodically modulated and step chirp profiles are numerically analysed. The versatility of the technique is demonstrated when linearly and quadratically chirped gratings were made as examples of continuous chirp and gratings with step chirps were made as examples of discontinuously chirped structure

Perceptions of climate change and willingness to save energy related to flood experience

One of the reasons that people may not take action to mitigate climate change is that they lack first-hand experience of its potential consequences. From this perspective, individuals who have direct experience of phenomena that may be linked to climate change would be more likely to be concerned by the issue and thus more inclined to undertake sustainable be- haviours. So far, the evidence available to test this hypothesis is limited, and in part contradictory1–4. Here we use national survey data collected from 1,822 individuals across the UK in 2010, to examine the links between direct flooding experience, perceptions of climate change and preparedness to reduce energy use. We show that those who report experience of flooding express more concern over climate change, see it as less uncertain and feel more confident that their actions will have an effect on climate change. Importantly, these perceptual differences also translate into a greater willingness to save energy to mitigate climate change. Highlighting links between local weather events and climate change is therefore likely to be a useful strategy for increasing concern and action

Funcionalidade e incapacidade humana: explorando o escopo da classificação internacional da Organização Mundial da Saúde Human functioning and disability: exploring the scope of the World Health Organization's international classification

A produção teórica sobre incapacidade se apresenta dicotomizada nas perspectivas médica e social. O modelo biomédico foca a deficiência, doença ou anormalidade corporal e como esses fatores produzem incapacidade. A abordagem social sugere que o significado de deficiência e incapacidade emerge de contextos sociais e culturais específicos. A OMS criou a Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF), que traz um sistema de classificação e modelo teórico baseados na junção dos modelos médico e social e usa uma abordagem biopsicossocial para integrar as dimensões da saúde. Apesar da importância e atualidade da CIF, alguns conceitos foram pouco detalhados e justificados, podendo ocasionar interpretações distintas. Propõe-se com este ensaio descrever o modelo da CIF e analisar o alcance da teoria biopsicossocial para explorar a natureza relacional das categorias deficiência e incapacidade, bem como o caráter universal da proposta da OMS. Um dos aspectos mais positivos da CIF é trazer à baila a natureza interativa da incapacidade e a divisão do fenômeno em três dimensões, mostrando o grau de complexidade do processo de funcionalidade e incapacidade humana.<br>The theoretical discussion on disability is dichotomized according to the medical and social perspectives. The biomedical model focuses on impairment, disease, or physical abnormality and how these factors produce disability. The social approach suggests that the meaning of disability and impairment emerges from specific social and cultural contexts. The WHO created the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), with a classification system and theoretical model based on the combination of the medical and social models and using a biopsychosocial approach to integrate the health dimensions. Despite the importance and immediacy of the ICF, some concepts were insufficiently detailed and justified and could lead to distinct interpretations. This essay proposes to describe the ICF model and analyze the scope of the biopsychosocial theory for exploring the relational nature of the "disability" and "impairment" categories, as well as the universal nature of the WHO proposal. One of the most positive aspects of the ICF is to highlight the interactive nature of disability and the division of the phenomenon into three dimensions, thus demonstrating the degree of complexity in the process of human functioning and disability