17 research outputs found

    Origine et intĂ©rĂȘt Ă©cologique des sols limoneux des dĂ©pressions humides du massif dunaire d’Hatainville (Manche)

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    Sur les cĂŽtes europĂ©ennes, les massifs dunaires sont caractĂ©risĂ©s par de nombreux habitats Ă  forte valeur Ă©cologique qu’explique la prĂ©sence d’une nappe phrĂ©atique. Depuis une vingtaine d’annĂ©es, les plantes pionniĂšres et prairiales de ces habitats subissent une tendance trĂšs importante Ă  la rĂ©gression. Le massif dunaire d’Hatainville en est un parfait exemple. La protection des espĂšces herbacĂ©es rares passe par une meilleure connaissance des sols et de leur fonctionnement. Une Ă©tude pĂ©dologique a Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e sur les sols limoneux des dĂ©pressions humides du massif, sols dont la dĂ©couverte fut inattendue. Ces sols prĂ©sentent en effet la particularitĂ© de dĂ©tenir les espĂšces pionniĂšres et prairiales les plus riches. Les rĂ©sultats analytiques ont permis de prĂ©ciser l’origine et l’intĂ©rĂȘt Ă©cologique des sols limoneux. Ils soulignent Ă©galement la nĂ©cessitĂ© de prĂ©server ce matĂ©riel Ă©daphique dans le cadre d’une gestion conservatoire de la biodiversitĂ© du massif dunaire.Along the European coasts, dune massifs are characterized by numerous settlements with great ecological value in relation to phreatic water. Since about twenty years, pioneer and grassy species of those settlements are subjected to substantial decline. Dune massif of Hatainville is a perfect sample of this regressive trend. Protection of scarce grassy species requires a better knowledge of soils and their dynamics. Pedological investigation has been carried out concerning unexpected silty soils of massif dune slacks. These soils are original insofar as they own richest pioneer and grassy species. Origin and ecological value of the silty soils have been cleared by analytic data. These data also underline the need for preserving this edaphic material within the conservatory management of the biodiversity of dune massif

    Relevance of the light signaling machinery for cellulase expression in trichoderma reesei (hypocrea jecorina)

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In nature, light is one of the most important environmental cues that fungi perceive and interpret. It is known not only to influence growth and conidiation, but also cellulase gene expression. We therefore studied the relevance of the main components of the light perception machinery of <it>Trichoderma reesei </it>(<it>Hypocrea jecorina</it>), ENV1, BLR1 and BLR2, for production of plant cell wall degrading enzymes in fermentations aimed at efficient biosynthesis of enzyme mixtures for biofuel production.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>Our results indicate that despite cultivation in mostly dark conditions, all three components show an influence on cellulase expression. While we found the performance of the enzyme mixture secreted by a deletion mutant in <it>env1 </it>to be enhanced, the higher cellulolytic activity observed for <it>Δblr2 </it>is mainly due to an increased secretion capacity of this strain. <it>Δblr1 </it>showed enhanced biomass accumulation, but due to its obviously lower secretion capacity still was the least efficient strain in this study.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We conclude that with respect to regulation of plant cell wall degrading enzymes, the blue light regulator proteins are unlikely to act as a complex. Their regulatory influence on cellulase biosynthesis involves an alteration of protein secretion, which may be due to adjustment of transcription or posttranscriptional regulation of upstream factors. In contrast, the regulatory function of ENV1 seems to involve adjustment of enzyme proportions to environmental conditions.</p

    Quelle forĂȘts au XXIe siĂšcle ?: Regards croisĂ©s sur la forĂȘt et le mĂ©tier de forestier

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    International audienceAlain Le Belleguy vit au quotidien la forĂȘt et le mĂ©tier de forestier. Agent technique Ă  l'Office national des forĂȘts depuis de nombreuses annĂ©es, c 'est un personnage passionnĂ© qui prend ses multiples tĂąches Ă  cƓur. Cet « homme de la forĂȘt » se consacre Ă  ses activitĂ©s en toute humilitĂ©, il ne rechigne pas Ă  passer du temps pour communiquer son savoir et sa passion. C'est lors d'une sortie de terrain en sa compagnie (bois du Breuil prĂšs de Ronfleur dans le Calvados) qu'il m'a fait part de sa sensibilitĂ© sur les questions forestiĂšres et de l'ensemble des motivations qui l'animaient. Lors d'un rapport d'Ă©tude que devaient rĂ©aliser des Ă©tudiants sous ma responsabilitĂ©, il n'a pas hĂ©sitĂ© Ă  prendre sa plume pour causer de « ses forĂȘts ».Alain Le Belleguy a acceptĂ© gracieusement de me recevoir et de rĂ©pondre Ă  des questions dont il ignorait au dĂ©part quels en seraient les contenus. Qu 'il veuille bien accepter ma reconnaissance et ma profonde gratitude pour le temps qu'il a bien voulu me consacrer

    Origine et intĂ©rĂȘt Ă©cologique des sols limoneux des dĂ©pressions humides du massif dunaire d'Hatainville (Manche).

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    Along the European coasts, dune massifs are characterized by numerous settlements with great ecological value in relation to phreatic water. Since about twenty years, pioneer and grassy species of those settlements are subjected to substantial decline. Dune massif of Hatainville is a perfect sample of this regressive trend. Protection of scarce grassy species requires a better knowledge of soils and their dynamics. Pedological investigation has been carried out concerning unexpected silty soils of massif dune slacks. These soils are original insofar as they own richest pioneer and grassy species. Origin and ecological value of the silty soils have been cleared by analytic data. These data also underline the need for preserving this edaphic material within the conservatory management of the biodiversity of dune massif.Sur les cĂŽtes europĂ©ennes, les massifs dunaires sont caractĂ©risĂ©s par de nombreux habitats Ă  forte valeur Ă©cologique qu'explique la prĂ©sence d'une nappe phrĂ©atique. Depuis une vingtaine d'annĂ©es, les plantes pionniĂšres et prairiales de ces habitats subissent une tendance trĂšs importante Ă  la rĂ©gression. Le massif dunaire d'Hatainville en est un parfait exemple. La protection des espĂšces herbacĂ©es rares passe par une meilleure connaissance des sols et de leur fonctionnement. Une Ă©tude pĂ©dologique a Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e sur les sols limoneux des dĂ©pressions humides du massif, sols dont la dĂ©couverte fut inattendue. Ces sols prĂ©sentent en effet la particularitĂ© de dĂ©tenir les espĂšces pionniĂšres et prairiales les plus riches. Les rĂ©sultats analytiques ont permis de prĂ©ciser l'origine et l'intĂ©rĂȘt Ă©cologique des sols limoneux. Ils soulignent Ă©galement la nĂ©cessitĂ© de prĂ©server ce matĂ©riel Ă©daphique dans le cadre d'une gestion conservatoire de la biodiversitĂ© du massif dunaire

    Urban ecology, stakeholders and the future of ecology

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    International audienceThe world human population is more and more urban and cities have a strong impact on the biosphere. This explains the development of urban ecology. In this context, the goal of our work is fourfold: to describe the diversity of scientific questions in urban ecology, show how these questions are organized, to assess how these questions can be built in close interactions with stakeholders, to better understand the role urban ecology can play within ecological sciences. A workshop with scientists from all relevant fields (from ecology to sociology) and stakeholders was organized by the Foundation for Research on Biodiversity (FRB). Three types of scientific issues were outlined about (1) the biodiversity of organisms living in urban areas, (2) the functioning of urban organisms and ecosystems, (3) interactions between human societies and urban ecological systems. For all types of issues we outlined it was possible to distinguish both fundamental and applied scientific questions. This allowed building a unique research agenda encompassing all possible types of scientific issues in urban ecology. As all types of ecological and evolutionary questions can be asked in urban areas, urban ecology will likely be more and more influential in the development of ecology. Taken together, the future of towns, their biodiversity and the life of city dwellers is at stake. Increasing the space for ecosystems and biodiversity within towns is more and more viewed as crucial for the well-being of town dwellers. Depending on research and the way its results are taken into account, very different towns could emerge. Urban areas can be viewed as a test and a laboratory for the future of the interactions between human and ecological systems
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