12 research outputs found
Agronomic performance of 21 new disease resistant winegrape varieties grown in northeast Italy
The goal of the field trial was to evaluate the agronomic performance of 21 (10 red and 11 white) winegrape varieties obtained from recent breeding programmes for disease resistance developed in Hungary, Germany, and Italy. The tested red varieties were as follows: âCabernet Carbonâ, âCabernet Eidosâ, âCabernet Volosâ, âJuliusâ, âMerlot Khorusâ, âMerlot Kanthusâ, âMonarchâ, âPriorâ, UD. 31.103, âVineraâ. The tested white varieties were as follows: âAromeraâ, âBronnerâ, âFleurtaiâ, âJohanniterâ, âMuscarisâ, âSouvignier Grisâ, âSauvignon Kretosâ, âSauvignon Nepisâ, âSauvignon Rytosâ, âSolarisâ, âSoreliâ. âMerlotâ (red) and âGleraâ (white) were included as control. The experimental vineyard was established in Castelfranco Veneto on the plain, in 2014. Spray treatments were applied against downy and powdery mildew, by using only copper and sulphur. Grape production, grape quality, and phenology were recorded over a six-year-period, while disease resistance (downy mildew, powdery mildew, black rot and anthracnose) was detected only during a few years. The most significant findings were: a) all varieties showed a good level of downy mildew resistance, especially âCabernet Carbonâ, âMonarchâ, âPriorâ, UD 31.103, âMuscarisâ, âSolarisâ, âSouvignier Grisâ, âBronnerâ, âFleurtaiâ, âAromeraâ; b) no powdery mildew attacks were detected in any variety; c) âMonarchâ, âMuscarisâ, âSolarisâ and âSouvignier Grisâ also showed a high level of resistance towards black rot and anthracnose; d) red grape varieties had an earlier bud burst as compared to âMerlotâ, and, concerning ripening, some varieties were earlier than âMerlotâ, other ones were later; e) white varieties had a later bud burst but an earlier ripening time as compared to âGleraâ; f) grape production and quality changed significantly depending on the varieties, being titratable acidity higher than 6.4 g L-1 tartaric acid and pH lower than 3.5; also the year affected in a significant way those parameters as well as the interaction between the genotype and the year. In conclusion, the tested varieties behaved positively in terms of environmental sustainability
Extent, intensity and drivers of mammal defaunation:a continental-scale analysis across the Neotropics
Neotropical mammal diversity is currently threatened by several chronic human-induced pressures. We compiled 1,029 contemporary mammal assemblages surveyed across the Neotropics to quantify the continental-scale extent and intensity of defaunation and understand their determinants based on environmental covariates. We calculated a local defaunation index for all assemblagesâadjusted by a false-absence ratioâwhich was examined using structural equation models. We propose a hunting index based on socioenvironmental co-variables that either intensify or inhibit hunting, which we used as an additional predictor of defaunation. Mammal defaunation intensity across the Neotropics on average erased 56.5% of the local source fauna, with ungulates comprising the most ubiquitous losses. The extent of defaunation is widespread, but more incipient in hitherto relatively intact major biomes that are rapidly succumbing to encroaching deforestation frontiers. Assemblage-wide mammal body mass distribution was greatly reduced from a historical 95th-percentile of ~ 14Â kg to only ~ 4Â kg in modern assemblages. Defaunation and depletion of large-bodied species were primarily driven by hunting pressure and remaining habitat area. Our findings can inform guidelines to design transnational conservation policies to safeguard native vertebrates, and ensure that the âempty ecosystemâ syndrome will be deterred from reaching much of the New World tropics