Production and Characterization of Energy Materials with Adsorbent Properties by Hydrothermal Processing of Corn Stover with Subcritical H2O

This work aims to investigate the effect of temperature on the process performance of hydrothermal processing (HTC) of corn Stover with subcritical H2O and on the morphology of solid products. The experiments were carried out at 200, 225 and 250 ºC, reaction time of 240 minutes, heating rate of 2.0 ºC/min, and biomass to water ratio of 1:10, using a pilot scale stirred tank reactor (STR) of 5 gallon, operating in batch mode. The process performance analyzed by computing the yields of solid and liquid reaction products (RLP). The aqueous phase (H2O + RLP) was physicochemical analyzed for pH and total carboxylic acids, expressed as total acetic acid content. The chemical compositions of carboxylic acids, furfural, and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in the aqueous phase determined by GC-MS and HPLC. The results showed solid yields ranging from 57.39 to 35.82% (wt.), and liquid reaction products (RLP) yields ranging from 39.53 to 54.59% (wt.). The solid phase products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The chemically activated (2.0 M NaOH) solid phase energy material obtained by HTC at 250 °C, applied as adsorbent to investigate the capacity and/or efficiency to adsorb acetic acid from 1.0 to 4.0 g/L model solutions at 25 °C. The solid phase yield decreases along with the temperature, showing an inflection region between 200 and 225 °C, whereas a drastic change takes place, while that of liquid phase increases, showing also a drastic change between 200 and 225 °C. The total acetic acid content of aqueous phase varied from 4064 to 5387 mg/L, while the pH from 3.77 to 3.91. The GC analysis identified the presence of volatile carboxylic acids, particularly acetic acid, in concentrations between 4020 and 5040 mg/L. HPLC identified the presence of furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural, whose concentrations decrease exponentially and linearly along with the temperature between 686.7 and 0.0, and 443.9 and 0.0 mg/L, respectively, being both compounds not detectable at 250 °C. The elemental/ultimate analysis of solid products shows that carbon content increases, while the oxygen and hydrogen contents decrease, along with the temperature. The H/C and O/C ratios decrease linearly as process temperature increases, and the high heating value (HHV) of solid reaction products, an energy densified material, changes sharply between 200 and 225 °C, showing an increase with temperature. The SEM, EDX, and XDR indicates a change on the morphology and mineralogical phases present in solid reaction products with temperature, particularly at 250 °C. The activated solid phase has proven to be very selective to adsorb acetic acid, showing that recovery of acetic acid from hydrothermal carbonization/liquefaction aqueous solutions is feasible by using a multistage-stage adsorption process in series

Microabrasion In Tooth Enamel Discoloration Defects: Three Cases With Long-term Follow-ups

Superficial irregularities and certain intrinsic stains on the dental enamel surfaces can be resolved by enamel microabrasion, however, treatment for such defects need to be confined to the outermost regions of the enamel surface. Dental bleaching and resin-based composite repair are also often useful for certain situations for tooth color corrections. This article presented and discussed the indications and limitations of enamel microabrasion treatment. Three case reports treated by enamel microabrasion were also presented after 11, 20 and 23 years of follow-ups.224347354Akin, M., Basciftci, F.A., Can white spot lesions be treated effectively? (2012) Angle Orthodontist, 82, pp. 770-775Ardu, S., Benbachir, N., Stavridakis, M., Dietschi, D., Krejci, I., Feilzer, A., A combined chemo-mechanical approach for aesthetic management of superficial enamel defects (2009) Br Dent J, 206, pp. 205-208Bailey, R.W., Christen, A.G., Effects of a bleaching technic on the labial enamel of human teeth stained with endemic dental fluorosis (1970) J Dent Res, 49, pp. 168-170Bassir, M.M., Bagheri, G., Comparison between phosphoric acid and hydrochloric acid in microabrasion technique for the treatment of dental fluorosis (2013) J Conserv Dent, 16, pp. 41-44Briso, A., Lima, A., Goncalves, R., Gallinari, M., Santos, P.D., Transenamel and transdentinal penetration of hydrogen peroxide applied to cracked or microabrasioned enamel (2014) Oper Dent, 39, pp. 166-173Castro, K.S., Araújo, F.A.C., Duarte, R.M., Sampaio, F.C., Meireles, S.S., Acceptability, efficacy and safety of two treatment protocols for dental fluorosis: A randomized clinical trial (2014) J Dent, , doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2014.01.011. Epub ahead of printCelik, E.U., Yildiz, G., Yazkan, B., Clinical evaluation of enamel microabrasion for the aesthetic management of mild-to-severe dental fluorosis (2013) J Esthet Restor Dent, 25, pp. 422-430Celik, E.U., Yildiz, G., Yazkan, B., Comparison of enamel microabrasion with a combined approach to the esthetic management of fluorosed teeth (2013) Oper Dent, 38, pp. 134-143Chhabra, N., Singbal, K.P., Viable approach to manage superficial enamel discoloration (2010) Contemp Clin Dent, 1, pp. 284-287Croll, T.P., Enamel microabrasion for removal of superficial dysmineralization and decalcification defects (1990) J Am Dent Assoc, 120, pp. 411-415Croll, T.P., (1991) Enamel Microabrasion, , Chicago: QuintessenceCroll, T.P., Hastening the enamel microabrasion procedure eliminating defects, cutting treatment time (1993) J Am Dent Assoc, 124, pp. 87-90Croll, T.P., Bullock, G.A., Enamel microabrasion for removal of smooth surface decalcification lesions (1994) J Clin Orthod, 28 (365), p. 70Croll, T.P., Cavanaugh, R.R., Enamel color modification by controlled hydrochloric acid-pumice abrasion. I. technique and examples (1986) Quintessence Int, 17, pp. 81-87Croll, T.P., Segura, A., Donly, K.J., Enamel microabrasion: New considerations in 1993 (1993) Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent, 5, pp. 19-28. , quiz 29Dixit, U.B., Shetty, R.M., Comparison of soft-tissue, dental, and skeletal characteristics in children with and without tongue thrusting habit (2013) Contemp Clin Dent, 4, pp. 2-6Donly, K.J., O'Neill, M., Croll, T.P., Enamel microabrasion: A microscopic evaluation of the abrosion effect (1992) Quintessence Int, 23, pp. 175-179Fragoso, L.S., Lima, D.A., Alexandre, R.S., Bertoldo, C.E., Aguiar, F.H., Lovadino, J.R., Evaluation of physical properties of enamel after microabrasion, polishing, and storage in artificial saliva (2011) Biomed Mater, 6 (3), p. 035001. , doi: 10.1088/1748-6041/6/3/035001Fujimoto, S., Yamaguchi, K., Gunjigake, K., Clinical estimation of mouth breathing (2009) Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 136 (630), p. 7Haywood, V.B., Heymann, H.O., Nightguard vital bleaching: How safe is it? (1991) Quintessence Int, 22, pp. 515-523Kendell, R.L., Hydrochloric acid removal of brown fluorosis stains: Clinical and scanning electron micrographic observations (1989) Quintessence Int, 20, pp. 837-839Killian, C.M., Conservative color improvement for teeth with fluorosis-type stain (1993) J Am Dent Assoc, 124, pp. 72-74Killian, C.M., Croll, T.P., Enamel microabrasion to improve enamel surface texture (1990) J Esthet Dent, 2, pp. 125-128Limeback, H., Vieira, A.P., Lawrence, H., Improving esthetically objectionable human enamel fluorosis with a simple microabrasion technique (2006) Eur J Oral Sci, 114, pp. 123-129Machado, L.S., Sundfeld, N.D., Oliveira, G.B., Carvalho, T.C., Oliveira, F.G., Sundfeld, R.H., Combining enamel microabrasion and dental bleaching: Recovering smile aesthetics (2013) Dent Today, 32, pp. 110-111McCloskey, R.J., A technique for removal of fluorosis stains (1984) J Am Dent Assoc, 109, pp. 63-64Murphy, T.C., Willmot, D.R., Rodd, H.D., Management of postorthodontic demineralized white lesions with microabrasion: A quantitative assessment (2007) Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 131, pp. 27-33Nahsan, F.P., Silva, L.M., Baseggio, W., Franco, E.B., Francisconi, P.A., Mondelli, R.F., Conservative approach for a clinical resolution of enamel white spot lesions (2011) Quintessence Int, 42, pp. 423-426Paula, A., Santos, P.H., Oliveira, F.G., Machado, L.S., Neto, D.S., Sundfeld, R.H., Integrating techniques to restore an adolescent's smile (2012) Dent Today, 31 (88), pp. 90-91Price, R.B., Loney, R.W., Doyle, M.G., Moulding, M.B., An evaluation of a technique to remove stains from teeth using microabrasion (2003) J Am Dent Assoc, 134, pp. 1066-1071Reston, E.G., Corba, D.V., Ruschel, K., Tovo, M.F., Barbosa, A.N., Conservative approach for esthetic treatment of enamel hypoplasia (2011) Oper Dent, 36, pp. 340-343Rodrigues, M.C., Mondelli, R.F., Oliveira, G.U., Franco, E.B., Baseggio, W., Wang, L., Minimal alterations on the enamel surface by micro-abrasion: In vitro roughness and wear assessments (2013) J Appl Oral Sci, 21, pp. 112-117Segura, A., Donly, K.J., Wefel, J.S., Drake, D., Effect of enamel microabrasion on bacterial colonization (1997) Am J Dent, 10 (272), p. 4Sheoran, N., Garg, S., Damle, S.G., Dhindsa, A., Opal, S., Gupta, S., Esthetic management of developmental enamel opacities in young permanent maxillary incisors with two microabrasion techniques a split mouth study (2014) J Esthet Restor Dent, , doi: 10.1111/jerd.12096. Epub ahead of printSundfeld, R.H., Croll, T.P., Briso, A.L., Alexandre, R.S., Sundfeld, N.D., Considerations about enamel microabrasion after 18 years (2007) Am J Dent, 20, pp. 67-72Sundfeld, R.H., Rahal, V., Croll, T.P., de Alexandre, R.S., Briso, A.L., Enamel microabrasion followed by dental bleaching for patients after orthodontic treatment case reports (2007) J Esthet Restor Dent, 19, pp. 71-77Yamaguchi, K., Morimoto, Y., Nanda, R.S., Ghosh, J., Tanne, K., Morphological differences in individuals with lip competence and incompetence based on electromyographic diagnosis (2000) J Oral Rehabil, 27, pp. 893-90

Validity And Reliability Of A Self-efficacy Expectancy Scale For Adherence To Antiretroviral Therapy For Parents And Carers Of Children And Adolescents With Hiv/aids [validação E Reprodutibilidade De Uma Escala De Auto-eficácia Para Adesão Ao Tratamento Anti-retroviral Em Pais Ou Cuidadores De Crianças E Adolescentes Vivendo Com Hiv/aids]

Objective: To validate and evaluate the reproducibility of a self-efficacy (SE) scale for adherence to antiretroviral therapy in children and adolescents with HIV/AIDS, taking into account the perspective of parents/guardians. Methods: The study was carried out at the Hospital-Dia, Centro de Referência e Treinamento em DST/AIDS (CRT/SP), in São Paulo, Brazil. The parents/guardians of 54 children and adolescents aged 6 months to 20 years were interviewed during routine consultations at our service. Data on SE were collected using the Self-Efficacy for Following Anti-Retroviral Prescription Scale, and SE scores were calculated in two different ways: factor analysis and a predefined formula. The scale's internal consistency was verified using Cronbach's α coefficient. Validity was tested by comparing the mean scores of a group of patients who did adhere to antiretroviral treatment with those of a group that did not (Mann-Whitney test) and by calculating the Spearman correlation coefficient for agreement between scores and clinical parameters. Reproducibility was verified using the Wilcoxon test, intraclass correlation coefficients (ricc) and Bland-Altman plots. Results: The SE scale demonstrated good internal consistency (α = 0.87) and good reproducibility (r icc = 0.69 and r icc = 0.75). In terms of validity, the SE scale was capable of differentiating adherent patients from those who did not adhere to their antiretroviral treatment (p = 0.002) and exhibited a significant correlation with CD4 counts (r = 0.28; p = 0.04). Conclusions: The SE scale can be used to assess adherence to antiretroviral therapy in children and adolescents with HIV/AIDS, taking into account the perspective of parents/carers. Copyright © 2008 by Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria.8414146Matida, L.H., da Silva, M.H., Tayra, A., Succi, R.C., Gianna, M.C., Gonçalves, A., Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in São Paulo State, Brazil: An update (2005) AIDS, 19 (SUPPL. 4), pp. S37-S41Gibb, D.M., Goodall, R.L., Giacomet, V., McGee, L., Compagnucci, A., Lyall, H., Paediatric European Network for Treatment of Aids Steering Committee. Adherence to prescribed antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in the PENTA 5 trial (2003) Pediatr Infect Dis J, 22, pp. 56-62Pluciennik, A.M., (2003) Transmissão materno infantil do vírus da imunodeficiência humana adquirida: Quanto custa não prevenir [tese], , São Paulo: Faculdade de Saúde Pública da USP;Dyke, R.B.V., Lee, S., Johnson, G.M., Wiznia, A., Mohan, K., Stanley, K., Reported adherence as a determinant of response to highly active antiretroviral therapy in children who have human immunodeficiency virus infection (2002) Pediatrics, 109 (4), pp. 1-7Starace, F., Massa, A., Amico, K.R., Fisher, J.D., Adherence to antiretroviral therapy: An empirical test of the information-motivation-behavioral skills model (2006) Health Psychol, 25, pp. 153-162Shah, C.A., Adherence to high activity antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in pediatric patients infected with HIV: Issues and interventions (2007) Indian J Pediatr, 74, pp. 55-60Leite, J.C., Drachler, M.L., Centeno, M.O., Pinheiro, C.A., Silveira, V.L., Desenvolvimento de uma escala de auto-eficácia para adesão ao tratamento anti-retroviral. (2002) Psicol Reflex Crit, 15, pp. 121-133Bandura, A., Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change (1977) Psychol Rev, 84, pp. 191-215Gortmaker SL, Lenderking WR, Clark C, Lee S, Fowler MG, Oleske JMThe ACTG 219 Team. Development and use of a pediatric quality of life questionnaire in AIDS clinical trials: reliability and validity of the general health assessment for children. In: Drotar D. Measuring health-related quality of life in children and adolescents: implications for research and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates1998. p. 219-35Eiser, C., Morse, R., Quality-of-life measures in chronic diseases of childhood (2001) Health Technol Assess, 5, pp. 1-95Streiner, D.L., Norman, G.R., (2003) Health measurement scales: A practical guide to their development and use, , 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press;Drotar D, Levi R. Critical issues and needs in health-related quality of life assessment of children and adolescents with chronic health condition. In: Drotar D. Measuring health-related quality of life in children and adolescents: implications for research and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates1998. p. 3-2

Quantum radiation pressure on a moving mirror at finite temperature

We compute the radiation pressure force on a moving mirror, in the nonrelativistic approximation, assuming the field to be at temperature $T.$ At high temperature, the force has a dissipative component proportional to the mirror velocity, which results from Doppler shift of the reflected thermal photons. In the case of a scalar field, the force has also a dispersive component associated to a mass correction. In the electromagnetic case, the separate contributions to the mass correction from the two polarizations cancel. We also derive explicit results in the low temperature regime, and present numerical results for the general case. As an application, we compute the dissipation and decoherence rates for a mirror in a harmonic potential well.Comment: Figure 3 replaced, changes mainly in Sections IV and V, new appendix introduced. To appear in Physical Review

Formação de Professores de Ciências em Rede Social: Uma Perspectiva Dialógica na Educação Inclusiva

Este trabalho objetiva relatar a experiência da Rede Goiana Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Educação Especial/Inclusiva, uma rede social de colaboração científica, como alternativa para a formação inicial e continuada de professores de ciências para a inclusão escolar. Intencionamos contribuir para dois campos de estudos: primeiro, a compreensão da utilização de redes sociais de pesquisa como espaços para propiciar o processo de reflexão e segundo, o estudo da formação de professores para a Inclusão Escolar. A fundamentação teórica do estudo está centrada na teoria sociointeracionista de Vygotsky (2000). Foram estudados os processos de criação e consolidação da rede: o contexto das interações sociais que caracterizam sua estrutura; seus atores e suas ligações; seus objetivos; a metodologia de trabalho. Como a rede social funciona como instrumento para reflexão de seus atores. Os resultados revelam estruturas sociais (padrões de interação) que podem evoluir de forma não-linear e, portanto ter implicações tanto em sua macro quanto em sua  microdimensão. E, a compreensão desse processo nos aproxima da realidade

An analysis of inter-professional collaboration in osteoporosis screening at a primary care level using the D'Amour model

Objectives This study describes the perspective of patients, nurses, pharmacists, doctors and policy makers to identify the level of collaboration and the areas for improvement to achieve inter-professional collaboration between doctors, nurses, pharmacists and policy makers in a primary care clinic. Methods Patients (n = 20), Nurses (n = 10), pharmacists (n = 11), doctors (n = 10) and policy makers (n = 5) from a primary care were individually interviewed using a semi-structured topic guide. Purposive sampling was used. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis informed by constant comparison. Results Patients, doctors, nurses, pharmacists and policy makers were eager for pharmacists to be more proactive in creating health awareness and conducting osteoporosis screening at the primary care clinic via inter-professional collaboration. These findings were further examined using the D'Amour's structural model of collaboration which encompasses four main themes: shared goals and visions, internalization, formalization and governance. This model supports our data which highlights a lack of understanding of the pharmacists' role among the doctors, nurses, policy makers and pharmacists themselves. There is also a lack of governance and formalization, that fosters consensus, leadership, protocol and information exchange. Nonetheless, the stakeholders trust that pharmacists have sufficient knowledge to contribute to the screening of osteoporosis. Our primary care clinic can be described as developing towards an inter-professional collaboration in managing osteoporosis but is still in its early stages. Conclusions Inter-professional collaboration in osteoporosis management at the primary care level is beginning to be practised. Efforts extending to awareness and acceptance towards the pharmacists' role will be crucial for a successful change