133 research outputs found
High-Temperature Optical Constants of Dust Analogues for the Solar Nebula
The dust in protoplanetary disks is influenced by a lot of different
processes. Besides others, heating processes are the most important ones: they
change not only the physical and chemical properties of dust particles, but
also their emission spectra. In order to compare observed infrared spectra of
young stellar systems with laboratory data of hot (up to 700{\deg}C)
circumstellar dust analogues, we investigate materials, which are important
constituents of dust in protoplanetary disks. We calculated the optical
constants by means of a simple Lorentzian oscillator fit and apply them to
simulations of small-particle emission spectra in order to compare our results
with real astronomical spectra of AGB-stars and protoplanetary disks.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, Contribution for the ECLA proceedings (European
Conference on Laboratory Astrophysics
The ortho-to-para ratio of ammonia in the L1157 outflow
We have measured the ortho-to-para ratio of ammonia in the blueshifted gas of
the L1157 outflow by observing the six metastable inversion lines from (J, K) =
(1, 1) to (6, 6). The highly excited (5, 5) and (6, 6) lines were first
detected in the low-mass star forming regions. The rotational temperature
derived from the ratio of four transition lines from (3, 3) to (6, 6) is
130-140 K, suggesting that the blueshifted gas is heated by a factor of ~10 as
compared to the quiescent gas. The ortho-to-para ratio of the NH3 molecules in
the blueshifted gas is estimated to be 1.3--1.7, which is higher than the
statistical equilibrium value. This ratio provides us with evidence that the
NH3 molecules have been evaporated from dust grains with the formation
temperature between 18 and 25 K. It is most likely that the NH3 molecules on
dust grains have been released into the gas phase through the passage of strong
shock waves produced by the outflow. Such a scenario is supported by the fact
that the ammonia abundance in the blueshifted gas is enhanced by a factor of ~5
with respect to the dense quiescent gas.Comment: 16 pages, including 3 PS figures. To appear in the ApJ (Letters).
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The Ammount of Interstellar Carbon Locked in Solid Hydrogenated Amorphous Carbon
We review the literature and present new experimental data to determine the
amount of carbon likely to be locked in form of solid hydrogenated amorphous
carbon (HAC) grains. We conclude on the basis of a thorough analysis of the
intrinsic strength of the C-H stretching band at 3.4 micron that between 10 and
80 ppM H of carbon is in the form of HAC grains. We show that it is necessary
to know the level of hydrogenation (H/C) of the interstellar HAC to determine
more precisely the amount of carbon it ties up. We present optical constants,
photoluminescence spectroscopy, and IR absorption spectroscopy for a particular
HAC sample that is shown to have a 3.4 micron absorption feature that is
quantatively consistent with that observed in the diffuse interstellar medium.Comment: This paper is 14 pages long with 5 figures and will appear in the 1
December 1999 issue of Ap
Experimental investigation of aminoacetonitrile formation through the Strecker synthesis in astrophysical-like conditions: reactivity of methanimine (CH2NH), ammonia (NH3), and hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
International audienceAstronomy & Astrophysics Experimental investigation of aminoacetonitrile formation through the Strecker synthesis in astrophysical-like conditions: reactivity of methanimine (CH 2 NH), ammonia (NH 3), and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) ABSTRACT Context. Studing chemical reactivity in astrophysical environments is an important means for improving our understanding of the origin of the organic matter in molecular clouds, in protoplanetary disks, and possibly, as a final destination, in our solar system. Laboratory simulations of the reactivity of ice analogs provide important insight into the reactivity in these environments. Here, we use these experimental simulations to investigate the Strecker synthesis leading to the formation of aminoacetonitrile in astrophysical-like conditions. The aminoacetonitrile is an interesting compound because it was detected in SgrB2, hence could be a precursor of the smallest amino acid molecule, glycine, in astrophysical environments. Aims. We present the first experimental investigation of the formation of aminoacetonitrile NH 2 CH 2 CN from the thermal processing of ices including methanimine (CH 2 NH), ammonia (NH 3), and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in interstellar-like conditions without VUV photons or particules. Methods. We use Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopy to monitor the ice evolution during its warming. Infrared spec-troscopy and mass spectroscopy are then used to identify the aminoacetonitrile formation. Results. We demonstrate that methanimine can react with â CN during the warming of ice analogs containing at 20 K methanimine, ammonia, and [NH + 4 â CN] salt. During the ice warming, this reaction leads to the formation of poly(methylene-imine) polymers. The polymer length depend on the initial ratio of mass contained in methanimine to that in the [NH + 4 â CN] salt. In a methanimine excess, long polymers are formed. As the methanimine is progressively diluted in the [NH + 4 â CN] salt, the polymer length decreases until the aminoacetonitrile formation at 135 K. Therefore, these results demonstrate that aminoacetonitrile can be formed through the second step of the Strecker synthesis in astrophysical-like conditions
An analysis of spectra in the Red Rectangle nebula
This paper presents an analysis of a series of spectra in the Red Rectangle
nebula. Only the reddest part of the spectra can safely be attributed to light
from the nebula, and indicates Rayleigh scattering by the gas, in conformity
with the large angles of scattering involved and the proximity of the star. In
the blue, light from HD44179, refracted or scattered in the atmosphere,
dominates the spectra. This paper questions the reliability of ground-based
observations of extended objects in the blue.Comment: 25 figure
The Excitation of Extended Red Emission: New Constraints on its Carrier From HST Observations of NGC 7023
The carrier of the dust-associated photoluminescence process causing the
extended red emission (ERE) in many dusty interstellar environments remains
unidentified. Several competing models are more or less able to match the
observed broad, unstructured ERE band. We now constrain the character of the
ERE carrier further by determining the wavelengths of the radiation that
initiates the ERE. Using the imaging capabilities of the Hubble Space
Telescope, we have resolved the width of narrow ERE filaments appearing on the
surfaces of externally illuminated molecular clouds in the bright reflection
nebula NGC 7023 and compared them with the depth of penetration of radiation of
known wavelengths into the same cloud surfaces. We identify photons with
wavelengths shortward of 118 nm as the source of ERE initiation, not to be
confused with ERE excitation, however. There are strong indications from the
well-studied ERE in the Red Rectangle nebula and in the high-|b| Galactic
cirrus that the photon flux with wavelengths shortward of 118 nm is too small
to actually excite the observed ERE, even with 100% quantum efficiency. We
conclude, therefore, that ERE excitation results from a two-step process. While
none of the previously proposed ERE models can match these new constraints, we
note that under interstellar conditions most polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
(PAH) molecules are ionized to the di-cation stage by photons with E > 10.5 eV
and that the electronic energy level structure of PAH di-cations is consistent
with fluorescence in the wavelength band of the ERE. Therefore, PAH di-cations
deserve further study as potential carriers of the ERE. (abridged)Comment: Accepted for Publication in the Ap
Unidentified Infrared Emission Bands in the Diffuse Interstellar Medium
Using the Mid-Infrared Spectrometer on board the Infrared Telescope in Space
and the low-resolution grating spectrometer (PHT-S) on board the Infrared Space
Observatory, we obtained 820 mid-infrared (5 to 12 m) spectra of the
diffuse interstellar medium (DIM) in the Galactic center, W51, and Carina
Nebula regions. These spectra indicate that the emission is dominated by the
unidentified infrared (UIR) emission bands at 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, and 11.2 m.
The relative band intensities (6.2/7.7 m, 8.6/7.7 m, and 11.2/7.7
m) were derived from these spectra, and no systematic variation in these
ratios was found in our observed regions, in spite of the fact that the
incident radiation intensity differs by a factor of 1500. Comparing our results
with the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) model for the UIR band
carriers, PAHs in the DIM have no systematic variation in their size
distribution, their degree of dehydrogenation is independent of the strength of
UV radiation field, and they are mostly ionized. The latter finding is
incompatible with past theoretical studies, in which a large fraction of
neutral PAHs is predicted in this kind of environment. A plausible resolution
of this discrepancy is that the recombination coefficients for electron and
large PAH positive ion are by at least an order of magnitude less than those
adopted in past theoretical studies. Because of the very low population of
neutral state molecules, photoelectric emission from interstellar PAHs is
probably not the dominant source of heating of the diffuse interstellar gas.
The present results imply constant physical and chemical properties of the
carriers of the UIR emission bands in the DIM.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures. Accepted for publication in Ap
Linear/circular spectropolarimetry of diffuse interstellar bands
Context. The identification of the carriers of diffuse interstellar bands
(DIBs) remains one of the long-standing mysteries in astronomy. The detection
of a polarisation signal in a DIB profile can be used to distinguish between a
dust or gas-phase carrier. The polarisation profile can give additional
information on the grain or molecular properties of the absorber. In order to
detect and measure the linear and circular polarisation of the DIBs we observed
reddened lines of sight showing continuum polarisation. For this study we
selected two stars HD 197770 and HD 194279. We used high-resolution (R~64.000)
spectropolarimetry in the wavelength range from 3700 to 10480 Angstrom with the
ESPaDOnS echelle spectrograph mounted at the CFHT.
Results. High S/N and high resolution Stokes V (circular), Q and U (linear)
spectra were obtained. We constrained upper limits by a factor of 10 for
previously observed DIBs. Furthermore, we analysed ~30 additional DIBs for
which no spectropolarimetry data has been obtained before. This included the
9577 A DIB and the 8621 A DIB.
Conclusions. The lack of polarisation in 45 DIB profiles suggests that none
of the absorption lines is induced by a grain-type carrier. The strict upper
limits, less than ~0.01%, derived for the observed lines-of-sight imply that if
DIBs are due to gas-phase molecules these carriers have polarisation
efficiencies which are at least 6 times, and up to 300 times, smaller than
those predicted for grain-related carriers.Comment: 6 pages + 13 pages online material, submitted to A&
DNA Nucleobase Synthesis at Titan Atmosphere Analog by Soft X-rays
Titan, the largest satellite of Saturn, has an atmosphere chiefly made up of
N2 and CH4 and includes traces of many simple organic compounds. This
atmosphere also partly consists of haze and aerosol particles which during the
last 4.5 gigayears have been processed by electric discharges, ions, and
ionizing photons, being slowly deposited over the Titan surface. In this work,
we investigate the possible effects produced by soft X-rays (and secondary
electrons) on Titan aerosol analogs in an attempt to simulate some prebiotic
photochemistry. The experiments have been performed inside a high vacuum
chamber coupled to the soft X-ray spectroscopy beamline at the Brazilian
Synchrotron Light Source, Campinas, Brazil. In-situ sample analyses were
performed by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The infrared spectra
have presented several organic molecules, including nitriles and aromatic CN
compounds. After the irradiation, the brownish-orange organic residue (tholin)
was analyzed ex-situ by gas chromatographic (GC/MS) and nuclear magnetic
resonance (1H NMR) techniques, revealing the presence of adenine (C5H5N5), one
of the constituents of the DNA molecule. This confirms previous results which
showed that the organic chemistry on the Titan surface can be very complex and
extremely rich in prebiotic compounds. Molecules like these on the early Earth
have found a place to allow life (as we know) to flourish.Comment: To appear in Journal of Physical Chemistry A.; Number of pages: 6;
Number of Figures: 5; Number of Tables: 1; Number of references:49; Full
paper at http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jp902824
Understanding the Spectral Energy Distributions of the Galactic Star Forming Regions IRAS 18314-0720, 18355-0532 & 18316-0602
Embedded Young Stellar Objects (YSO) in dense interstellar clouds is treated
self-consistently to understand their spectral energy distributions (SED).
Radiative transfer calculations in spherical geometry involving the dust as
well as the gas component, have been carried out to explain observations
covering a wide spectral range encompassing near-infrared to radio continuum
wavelengths. Various geometric and physical details of the YSOs are determined
from this modelling scheme. In order to assess the effectiveness of this
self-consistent scheme, three young Galactic star forming regions associated
with IRAS 18314-0720, 18355-0532 and 18316-0602 have been modelled as test
cases. They cover a large range of luminosity ( 40). The modelling of
their SEDs has led to information about various details of these sources, e.g.
embedded energy source, cloud structure & size, density distribution,
composition & abundance of dust grains etc. In all three cases, the best fit
model corresponds to the uniform density distribution.Comment: AAMS style manuscript with 3 tables (in a separate file) and 4
figures. To appear in Journal of Astronophysics & Astronom
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