The electromagnetic component of albedo from superhigh energy cascades in dense media

Albedo from cascades induced in iron by high energy gamma quanta were Monte Carlo simulated. Thereafter the albedo electromagnetic component from proton induced cascades were calculated analytically. The calculations showed that the albedo electromagnetic component increases more rapidly than the nuclear active component and will dominate at sufficiently high energies

Influence of the Rigid Connection Between Discs in the Tetrahedral Prisms on Equivalent Stresses When Cutting Work Faces

This paper presents the results of modeling of the stressed state of structural elements of the paired fastening points of the two disc tools to the tetrahedral prisms of the working bodies of the roadheaders of selective action when cutting work faces of heterogeneous structure. The advantages of cooperative mode rotation to separate two disc tools on each of the tetrahedral prisms placed between the axial cutting crowns

The distribution of stresses and strains in the mating elements disk tools working bodies of roadheaders

Presents the results of modeling the stress-strain state in the mating structural elements of the attachment disk tools various design on triangular and tetrahedral prisms working bodies of roadheaders selective action in the destruction of coalface of heterogeneous structure

Danger due to the translocation of nanoparticles in soil: mathematical modeling

A necessary step was taken towards the formation of a migration model of nanoparticles (NPs) from the surface deep into the soil, taking into account the frequency of precipitation and the processes of adsorption and desorption which occur in the soils. An equation for migration of nanoparticles in soil is proposed. A method of obtaining the averaged equations for long-term migration of NPs in the soil profile has been developed. Similarly, partial differential equations may be obtained which describe more complex models, for example, including capillary phenomena, etc. The obtained equations allow the use of integral transformations in order to find solutions. The model can be used to plan natural experiments in different types of soils

Measurement of the 236^{236}U fission cross section and angular distributions of fragments from fission of 235^{235}U and 236^{236}U in the neutron energy range of 0.3-500 MeV

The $^{236}$U fission cross section and the angular distributions of fragments from fission of $^{235}$U and $^{236}$U were measured for incident neutron energies from 0.3 MeV to 500 MeV on the time-of-flight spectrometer of the neutron complex GNEIS at the NRC "Kurchatov Institute" -- PNPI. Fission fragments were registered using position-sensitive low-pressure multiwire counters. In the neutron energy range above 20 MeV, the angular distributions of $^{236}$U fission fragments were measured for the first time. The fission cross section of $^{236}$U$(n,f)$ was measured relative to the fission cross section of $^{235}$U$(n,f)$, which is an accepted international standard. The obtained data are compared with the results of other experimental works. Theoretical calculations of the fission cross section and the anisotropy of angular distribution of fission fragments for the $^{236}$U$(n,f)$ reaction performed within the framework of our approach are presented and discussed.Comment: 21 pages, 22 figures, revised version accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.

Collision damping in the pi 3He -> d'N reaction near the threshold

We present a simple quantum mechanical model exploiting the optical potential approach for the description of collision damping in the reaction pi 3He -> d'N near the threshold, which recently has been measured at TRIUMF. The influence of the open d'N -> NNN channel is taken into account. It leads to a suppression factor of about ten in the d' survival probability. Applications of the method to other reactions are outlined.Comment: RevTeX4, 14 pages, 3 Postscript figures, uses epsfig.sty, to appear in Phys.Rev.

An Ishihara-style test of animal colour vision

ABSTRACT Colour vision mediates ecologically relevant tasks for many animals, such as mate choice, foraging and predator avoidance. However, our understanding of animal colour perception is largely derived from human psychophysics, and behavioural tests of non-human animals are required to understand how colour signals are perceived. Here, we introduce a novel test of colour vision in animals inspired by the Ishihara colour charts, which are widely used to identify human colour deficiencies. In our method, distractor dots have a fixed chromaticity (hue and saturation) but vary in luminance. Animals can be trained to find single target dots that differ from distractor dots in chromaticity. We provide MATLAB code for creating these stimuli, which can be modified for use with different animals. We demonstrate the success of this method with triggerfish, Rhinecanthus aculeatus, which quickly learnt to select target dots that differed from distractor dots, and highlight behavioural parameters that can be measured, including success of finding the target dot, time to detection and error rate. We calculated discrimination thresholds by testing whether target colours that were of increasing colour distances (ΔS) from distractor dots could be detected, and calculated discrimination thresholds in different directions of colour space. At least for some colours, thresholds indicated better discrimination than expected from the receptor noise limited (RNL) model assuming 5% Weber fraction for the long-wavelength cone. This methodology could be used with other animals to address questions such as luminance thresholds, sensory bias, effects of sensory noise, colour categorization and saliency

STUDENT VIEWS ON DOWNSHIFTER LIFESTYLE IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS

Purpose of the study: The relevance of the article is due to the rethinking of employment by students and the emergence of new forms of income, due to the emergence of Internet resources.  Today, more and more people are revising their work schedules, switching to freelancing or so-called free employment, reducing working hours. In this regard, this article is aimed at studying students' ideas about the lifestyle of downshifters in an urban environment. Methodology: As a research methodology, a qualitative approach was applied using ethnographic strategies to dive into the world of everyday practices of informants and better understand how their daily lives are structured, which is especially important when studying ideas about lifestyle. A detailed description of the ideas about individual everyday practices allows us to identify the type in a social phenomenon. Method of information gathering - in-depth interview, which allows determining the main motives and beliefs of informants. Results: The article revealed that in the view of the majority of students, downshifters are satisfied with their lifestyle; travel a lot; have a low civil position, mainly carry out their household activities in solitude and are not married. It is shown that work for downshifters, in the view of students, should be enjoyable, and if this is not possible for any reason, it is fair for them to do work that does not lead to emotional and physical exhaustion. In the students' views, five groups of downshifters were identified: those who left well paid but stressful work; having the ability to work remotely; devoting more time to personal development; peaked careers and decided to change the profile of activity; transformed their hobby into a profession. Applications of this study: The data obtained in the work can be used in the field of labor and employment of young people, social psychology, the psychology of education, age psychology, sociology, as well as for further theoretical development of this issue. Novelty/Originality of this study: Because the phenomenon of downshifting is not sufficiently studied, and the concept has no clear definition, many people in the society can call themselves downshifters who are not really downshifters indeed, and Vice versa, many people do not realize themselves downshifters, being downshifters in fact. This seems to be a certain problem for studying this social group