Microscopic Studies of Sedimentary Organic Matter: Key to Understanding Organic-Rich Strata, with Paleozoic Examples from Western Canada Basin

Organic matter in sediments and sedimentary rocks provides data and interpretations on biosphere-geosphere interactions. In modern and ancient depositional settings, a combination of anoxia and substantial bio-productivity leads to the preservation of abundant organic matter, which in turn is transformed during subsequent burial into kerogen, the source of oil and gas deposits. Kerogen can be evaluated by organic geochemistry and organic penological methods, whose parameters are used to define organic fades for fine-grained, sedimentary rock sequences. Organic geochemistry uses Rock-Eval pyrolysis and elemental analysis to determine amounts of organic C, H, and Ï in kerogen to assess petroleum potential and origin. Organic petrology uses reflected light microscopy to characterize dispersed organic matter in rocks, in terms of macerals and organic facies, which is then used to interpret the paleoenvironment and paleoecology of organic-rich sedimentary rocks. This paper outlines the organic petrology of several hydrocarbon source rocks from western Canada, illustrating the success of this method in evaluating and understanding organic-rich rocks. Résumé La matière organique dans les sédiments et les roches sédimentaires fournit des données et des informations sur les interactions entre la géosphère et la biosphère. Dans les bassins sédimentaires actuels ou anciens, la présence de conditions anoxiques en même temps qu'une forte bio-productivité conduit à la conservation de grands volumes de matière organique, lesquels se transforment par la suite en kérogène, la source des gisements de pétrole et de gaz. On utilise des méthodes de géochimie et de pétrologie organique pour étudier le kérogène et les données qu'elles fournissent permettent de définir les faciès des séquences de roches sédimentaires à grains fins. En géochimie organique, la pyrolyse Rock-Éval et l'analyse élémentaire permettent de déterminer les quantités de C, H et O organiques du kérogène et d'évaluer le potentiel pétrolier ainsi que l'origine. En pétrologie organique la microscopie en lumière réfléchie permet de caractériser la matière organique dispersée dans les roches. Ensuite, des macéraux et faciès organiques décrits on peut déduire les paramètres paléo-environnementaux et paléo-écologiques des roches sédimentaires riches en matière organique. On trouvera dans le présent article des descriptions abrégées de la pétrologie organique de plusieurs roches mères de l'Ouest canadien et qui illustrent bien l'efficacité de cette méthode dans l'évaluation et la compréhension des roches riches en matière organiques

С. К'ЄРКЕГОР І "ДІАЛЕКТИЧНА ТЕОЛОГІЯ". (Kierkegaard and "dialectical theology")

У статті досліджується проблема впливу екзистенціалізму С. К єркегора на становлення і розвиток ідей представників "діалектичної теології". Розкривається сутність критики датського філософа гегелівської діалектики як передумови виникнення неоортодоксальних тенденцій у релігійних уявленнях про людину і світ початку ХХ ст. Особлива увага зосереджується на вивченні відношення та використання С. К'єркегором і прихильниками "діалектичної теології" засад протестантської ортодоксії. (The article deals with the problem ofthe influence of existentialism of S. Kierkegaard on the formation and development of the ideas of "dialectical theology" representatives. It turns out that an important theoretical basis for the neo-ortodox outlook is his "existential" dialectic, approval of irrational knowledge of God and the world, etc. It reveals the essence of the critique of the Danish philosopher of Hegel's dialectic as a background for neo-orthodox trends in religious ideas about the human and the world in the early twentieth century. It shows that S. Kierkegaard believed in the subjectivity of the truth and the dialectic, focusing on the individuality of human existence, choice and action, searching for the truth in irrational paradigm, and denied Hegel's attempts to create the theory of the objective knowledge, criticized any universality, excessive logic and rationalism. The particular attention is focused on S. Kierkegaardand and the supporters of the "dialectical theology" attitude study and use of the Protestant orthodoxy principles. In particular, it appears that the Protestant origin of Kierkegaardand's outlook stipulates his commitment to Lutheran doctrine, especially to the idea of restoration by means offreely choosing of the individual relationship to God, the idea of the justification of faith in faith itself, the concept of non-comparability of divine and human principles. The author disclosed the content of the basic orthodox principles of M. Luther and J. Calvin, who developed the markers of the "dialectical theology" in their theories.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ОСНОВИ ПІДГОТОВКИ ФАХІВЦІВ СЕСТРИНСЬКОЇ СПРАВИ ДО ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ

The core of the theoretical foundations of future nursing specialists training for professional activity for professional activity is defi ned and analyzed in the article.У статті окреслено та проаналізовано сутність теоретичних основ підготовки майбутніх фахівців сестринської справи до професійної діяльності

ВИДАТКИ БЮДЖЕТУ НА ФІНАНСУВАННЯ ОХОРОНИ ЗДОРОВ’Я ТА ЇХ ОПТИМІЗАЦІЯ

The article considers the expenditures of the budget of Ukraine and their  place in health care. Healthcare is a component of social services that plays a key role in ensuring the well-being of the population, as well-being with health is the main determinant of quality of life. Reasonable and adequate investment in public health is due not only to the need to meet social needs; they return significant economic dividends in the form of growth in national income. Therefore, investment in health care should be seen as a contribution to the development of the national economy and improving social welfare. The growth of health care financing based on the increase in total expenditures on the social sphere over the last decades has become a noticeable feature of the dynamics of economic processes in developed countries, which is due to such circumstances. Weaknesses in the existing health care system, drastic changes in the socio-economic sphere, unsatisfactory environmental situation, critical demographic situation and unsatisfactory state of health, and finally the global epidemic COVID-19.  ll this requires an urgent solution to current problems in the industry,improving the organization and improving its activities. Unlike all other sectors, health care in Ukraine is almost entirely dependent on state budget funding. The development and attraction of other sources of funding is constrained by the lack of interest of the private sector and the somewhatnegative attitude of public health authorities to entrepreneurship in health care in general. Therefore, in the area of health care financing, the primary problem is the lack of public funds, which leads to a reduction in the amount of free medical care. The main problems are identified and ways to optimize health care financing are suggested.В статье рассмотрены расходы бюджета Украины и место в них, здравоохранения. Здравоохранение является той составляющей сферы социальных услуг, которая играет ключевую роль в обеспечении благосостояния населения, поскольку именно благополучие с состоянием здоровья является главным определителем качества жизни. Обоснованные и адекватные инвестиции в охрану здоровья населения обусловлены не только необходимостью обеспечения социальных нужд; они возвращаются значительными экономическими дивидендами в виде роста национального дохода страны. Поэтому инвестиции в здравоохранение следует рассматривать как вклад в развитие национальной экономики и повышения общественного благосостояния. Рост финансирования здравоохранения на базе повышения общего объема расходов на социальную сферу в течение последних десятилетий стало отличительной чертой динамики экономических процессов в развитых странах, что связано со следующими обстоятельствами. Недостатки существующей системы здравоохранения, кардинальные изменения в социально-экономической сфере, неудовлетворительная экологическая ситуация, критическая демографическая ситуация и неудовлетворительное состояние здоровья и в завершение глобальная эпидемия COVID-19. Все это требует неотложного решения актуальных проблем отрасли, совершенствование организации и улучшение ее деятельности. В отличие от всех других отраслей, здравоохранение в Украине почти полностью зависит от государственного бюджетного финансирования. Развитие и привлечение других источников финансирования сдерживается недостаточным интересом частного сектора и несколько негативным отношением со стороны государственных органов управления здравоохранением к предпринимательству в сфере здравоохранения в целом. Поэтому в сфере финансирования здравоохранения первоочередной проблемой является нехватка государственных средств, что ведет к уменьшению объемов бесплатной медицинской помощи. Определены основные проблемы и предложены пути оптимизации финансирования здравоохранения.У статті розглянуто видатки бюджету України і місце в них, охорони здоров’я. Визначено основні проблеми та запропоновано шляхи оптимізації фінансування охорони здоров’я, зокрема, продовження застосування діючої моделі фінансування системи охорони здоров’я за рахунок загальних надходжень до бюджету та пулінгу ресурсів в Національній службі здоров’я України. Проведення реформування системи охорони здоров’я забезпечить відчутні результати у вигляді поліпшення показників здоров’я та зниження фінансового тягаря для населення

Pancreatic β-cell imaging in humans: Fiction or option?

Diabetes mellitus is a growing worldwide epidemic disease, currently affecting 1 in 12 adults. Treatment of disease complications typically consumes ∼10% of healthcare budgets in developed societies. Whilst immune‐mediated destruction of insulin‐secreting pancreatic β cells is responsible for Type 1 diabetes, both the loss and dysfunction of these cells underly the more prevalent Type 2 diabetes. The establishment of robust drug development programmes aimed at β‐cell restoration is still hampered by the absence of means to measure β‐cell mass prospectively in vivo, an approach which would provide new opportunities for understanding disease mechanisms and ultimately assigning personalized treatments. In the present review, we describe the progress towards this goal achieved by the Innovative Medicines Initiative in Diabetes, a collaborative public–private consortium supported by the European Commission and by dedicated resources of pharmaceutical companies. We compare several of the available imaging methods and molecular targets and provide suggestions as to the likeliest to lead to tractable approaches. Furthermore, we discuss the simultaneous development of animal models that can be used to measure subtle changes in β‐cell mass, a prerequisite for validating the clinical potential of the different imaging tracers

No lockdown in the kitchen: How the COVID-19 pandemic has affected food-related behaviours

The COVID-19 pandemic and especially the lockdowns coming with it have been a disruptive event also for food consumption. In order to study the impact of the pandemic on eating habits, self-reported changes in food-related behaviours were investigated in ten European countries by means of an online survey. A latent class cluster analysis distinguished five clusters and showed that different types of consumers can be distinguished based on how they react to the pandemic as regards their eating habits. While food-related behaviours were resilient for 60% of the sample, another 35% reported more enjoyment in cooking and eating, more time in the kitchen and more family meals. Among those, a slight majority also showed signs of more mindful eating, as indicated by more deliberate choices and increased consumption of healthy food, whereas a slight minority reported more consumption of indulgence food. Only 5% indicated less involvement with food. As the COVID-19 pandemic is a disruptive event, some of these changes may have habit-breaking properties and open up new opportunities and challenges for food policy and food industry.This project has received funding from EIT Food, the European Knowledge and Innovation Community (KIC) on Food, under KAVA 20423Peer reviewe

A single-pot template reaction towards a manganese-based T1 contrast agent

Manganese-based contrast agents (MnCAs) have emerged as suitable alternatives to gadolinium-based contrast agents (GdCAs). However, due to their kinetic lability and laborious synthetic procedures, only a few MnCAs have found clinical MRI application. In this work, we have employed a highly innovative single-pot template synthetic strategy to develop a MnCA, MnL Me, and studied the most important physicochemical properties in vitro. MnL Me displays optimized r 1 relaxivities at both medium (20 and 64 MHz) and high magnetic fields (300 and 400 MHz) and an enhanced r 1 b=21.1 mM −1 s −1 (20 MHz, 298 K, pH 7.4) upon binding to BSA (K a=4.2×10 3 M −1). In vivo studies show that MnL Me is cleared intact into the bladder through renal excretion and has a prolonged blood half-life compared to the commercial GdCA Magnevist. MnL Me shows great promise as a novel MRI contrast agent

Biomorpher: interactive evolution for parametric design

Combining graph-based parametric design with metaheuristic solvers has to date focussed solely on performance based criteria and solving clearly defined objectives. In this paper, we outline a new method for combining a parametric modelling environment with an interactive Cluster-Orientated Genetic Algorithm (COGA). In addition to performance criteria, evolutionary design exploration can be guided through choice alone, with user motivation that cannot be easily defined. As well as numeric parameters forming a genotype, the evolution of whole parametric definitions is discussed through the use of genetic programming. Visualisation techniques that enable mixing small populations for interactive evolution with large populations for performance-based optimisation are discussed, with examples from both academia and industry showing a wide range of applications

Symmetry of elements of temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

Introduction: Dysfunction of temporomandibular joint is present in 70-75% of orthodontic patients. Evaluation of TMJ and detailed characteristics of its elements with additional methods of examination in children and adults is necessary for clinical definition of proposed disturbances of the structure and functions of the joint. The aim of the investigation is to study morphological symmetry ofTMJ in patients with dentofacial abnormalities and with dentofacial abnormalities complicated by secondary edentulism. Materials and Methods: 57 patients were involved in the examination. Based on gender principle patients'distribution was almost equal: there were 30 women and 27 men. Cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) Galileos (SIRONA DENTAL, Germany) was used to all patients. Results: It was done analysis of parameters (height and length) of right and left heads (condyles) of temporomandibular joint in both groups. Asymmetry of parameters of heads' length in saggital area in patients of the second group was defined. It was proved statistically (left 10,38±0,76, right 8,16±0,78). Conclusions: Increase of asymmetry of length of heads of TMJ in saggital area with age was determined. It can be explained by complication of dentofacial abnormalities and the presence of secondary edentulism. Depending on bite type length of condyle, especially at prognathism (in saggital) area peculiar clinical problems with TMJ can be present due to asymmetry of condyles. The size ofjoint gaps ofTMJ due to the presence of dentofacial abnormalities with age demonstrates compensatory ability and saves its