638 research outputs found
Anderson Model out of equilibrium: decoherence effects in transport through a quantum dot
The paper deals with the nonequilibrium two-lead Anderson model, considered
as an adequate description for transport through a d-c biased quantum dot.
Using a self-consistent equation-of-motion method generalized out of
equilibrium, we calculate a fourth-order decoherence rate
induced by a bias voltage . This decoherence rate provides a cut-off to the
infrared divergences of the self-energy showing up in the Kondo regime. At low
temperature, the Kondo peak in the density of states is split into two peaks
pinned at the chemical potential of the two leads. The height of these peaks is
controlled by . The voltage dependence of the differential
conductance exhibits a zero-bias peak followed by a broad Coulomb peak at large
, reflecting charge fluctuations inside the dot. The low-bias differential
conductance is found to be a universal function of the normalized bias voltage
, where is the Kondo temperature. The universal scaling with a
single energy scale at low bias voltages is also observed for the
renormalized decoherence rate . We discuss the effect of
on the crossover from strong to weak coupling regime when either
the temperature or the bias voltage is increased.Comment: 23 pages, 10 figure
Thermal microwave emissions from vegetated fields: A comparison between theory and experiment
The radiometric measurements over bare field and fields covered with grass, soybean, corn, and alfalfa were made with 1.4 GHz and 5 GHz microwave radiometers during August - October 1978. The measured results are compared with radiative transfer theory treating the vegetated fields as a two layer random medium. It is found that the presence of a vegetation cover generally gives a higher brightness temperature T(B) than that expected from a bare soil. The amount of this T(B) excess increases in the vegetation biomass and in the frequency of the observed radiation. The results of radiative transfer calculations generally match well with the experimental data, however, a detailed analysis also strongly suggests the need of incorporating soil surface roughness effect into the radiative transfer theory in order to better interpret the experimental data
The Millimeter-Wave Imaging Radiometer (MIR)
The Millimeter-Wave Imaging Radiometer (MIR) is a new instrument being designed for studies of airborne passive microwave retrieval of tropospheric water vapor, clouds, and precipitation parameters. The MIR is a total-power cross-track scanning radiometer for use on either the NASA ER-2 (high-altitude) or DC-8 (medium altitude) aircraft. The current design includes millimeter-wave (MMW) channels at 90, 166, 183 +/- 1,3,7, and 220 GHz. An upgrade for the addition of submillimeter-wave (SMMW) channels at 325 +/- 1,3,7 and 340 GHz is planned. The nadiral spatial resolution is approximately 700 meters at mid-altitude when operated aboard the NASA ER-2. The MIR consists of a scanhead and data acquisition system, designed for installation in the ER-2 superpod nose cone. The scanhead will house the receivers (feedhorns, mixers, local oscillators, and preamplifiers), a scanning mirror, hot and cold calibration loads, and temperature sensors. Particular attention is being given to the characterization of the hot and cold calibration loads through both laboratory bistatic scattering measurements and analytical modeling. Other aspects of the MIR and the data acquisition system are briefly discussed, and diagrams of the location of the MIR in the ER-2 superpod nosecone and of the data acquisition system are presented
On a Class of Combinatorial Sums Involving Generalized Factorials
The object of this paper is to show that generalized Stirling numbers can be effectively used to evaluate a class of combinatorial sums involving generalized factorials
High-Responsivity Graphene-Boron Nitride Photodetector and Autocorrelator in a Silicon Photonic Integrated Circuit
Graphene and other two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as promising
materials for broadband and ultrafast photodetection and optical modulation.
These optoelectronic capabilities can augment complementary
metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) devices for high-speed and low-power optical
interconnects. Here, we demonstrate an on-chip ultrafast photodetector based on
a two-dimensional heterostructure consisting of high-quality graphene
encapsulated in hexagonal boron nitride. Coupled to the optical mode of a
silicon waveguide, this 2D heterostructure-based photodetector exhibits a
maximum responsivity of 0.36 A/W and high-speed operation with a 3 dB cut-off
at 42 GHz. From photocurrent measurements as a function of the top-gate and
source-drain voltages, we conclude that the photoresponse is consistent with
hot electron mediated effects. At moderate peak powers above 50 mW, we observe
a saturating photocurrent consistent with the mechanisms of electron-phonon
supercollision cooling. This nonlinear photoresponse enables optical on-chip
autocorrelation measurements with picosecond-scale timing resolution and
exceptionally low peak powers
Use of modular, synthetic scaffolds for improved production of glucaric acid in engineered E. coli
The field of metabolic engineering has the potential to produce a wide variety of chemicals in both an inexpensive and ecologically-friendly manner. Heterologous expression of novel combinations of enzymes promises to provide new or improved synthetic routes towards a substantially increased diversity of small molecules. Recently, we constructed a synthetic pathway to produce d-glucaric acid, a molecule that has been deemed a “top-value added chemical” from biomass, starting from glucose. Limiting flux through the pathway is the second recombinant step, catalyzed by myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX), whose activity is strongly influenced by the concentration of the myo-inositol substrate. To synthetically increase the effective concentration of myo-inositol, polypeptide scaffolds were built from protein–protein interaction domains to co-localize all three pathway enzymes in a designable complex as previously described (Dueber et al., 2009). Glucaric acid titer was found to be strongly affected by the number of scaffold interaction domains targeting upstream Ino1 enzymes, whereas the effect of increased numbers of MIOX-targeted domains was much less significant. We determined that the scaffolds directly increased the specific MIOX activity and that glucaric acid titers were strongly correlated with MIOX activity. Overall, we observed an approximately 5-fold improvement in product titers over the non-scaffolded control, and a 50% improvement over the previously reported highest titers. These results further validate the utility of these synthetic scaffolds as a tool for metabolic engineering.United States. Office of Naval Research (Young Investigator Program, Grant No. N000140510656)Synthetic Biology Engineering Research CenterNational Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant No. EEC-0540879)National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant No. CBET-0756801
Chalcogenide Glass-on-Graphene Photonics
Two-dimensional (2-D) materials are of tremendous interest to integrated
photonics given their singular optical characteristics spanning light emission,
modulation, saturable absorption, and nonlinear optics. To harness their
optical properties, these atomically thin materials are usually attached onto
prefabricated devices via a transfer process. In this paper, we present a new
route for 2-D material integration with planar photonics. Central to this
approach is the use of chalcogenide glass, a multifunctional material which can
be directly deposited and patterned on a wide variety of 2-D materials and can
simultaneously function as the light guiding medium, a gate dielectric, and a
passivation layer for 2-D materials. Besides claiming improved fabrication
yield and throughput compared to the traditional transfer process, our
technique also enables unconventional multilayer device geometries optimally
designed for enhancing light-matter interactions in the 2-D layers.
Capitalizing on this facile integration method, we demonstrate a series of
high-performance glass-on-graphene devices including ultra-broadband on-chip
polarizers, energy-efficient thermo-optic switches, as well as graphene-based
mid-infrared (mid-IR) waveguide-integrated photodetectors and modulators
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Origin and evolution of the octoploid strawberry genome.
Cultivated strawberry emerged from the hybridization of two wild octoploid species, both descendants from the merger of four diploid progenitor species into a single nucleus more than 1 million years ago. Here we report a near-complete chromosome-scale assembly for cultivated octoploid strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) and uncovered the origin and evolutionary processes that shaped this complex allopolyploid. We identified the extant relatives of each diploid progenitor species and provide support for the North American origin of octoploid strawberry. We examined the dynamics among the four subgenomes in octoploid strawberry and uncovered the presence of a single dominant subgenome with significantly greater gene content, gene expression abundance, and biased exchanges between homoeologous chromosomes, as compared with the other subgenomes. Pathway analysis showed that certain metabolomic and disease-resistance traits are largely controlled by the dominant subgenome. These findings and the reference genome should serve as a powerful platform for future evolutionary studies and enable molecular breeding in strawberry
Evidence for Factorization in Three-body B --> D(*) K- K0 Decays
Motivated by recent experimental results, we use a factorization approach to
study the three-body B --> D(*) K- K0 decay modes. Two mechanisms are proposed
for kaon pair production: current-produced (from vacuum) and transition (from B
meson). The Bbar0 --> D(*)+ K- K0 decay is governed solely by the
current-produced mechanism. As the kaon pair can be produced only by the vector
current, the matrix element can be extracted from e+ e- --> K Kbar processes
via isospin relations. The decay rates obtained this way are in good agreement
with experiment. Both current-produced and transition processes contribute to
B- --> D(*)0 K- K0 decays. By using QCD counting rules and the measured B- -->
D(*)0 K- K0 decay rates, the measured decay spectra can be understood.Comment: 17 pages, 6 figure
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