207 research outputs found
Making Good Lawyers
Today, the criticism of law schools has become an industry. Detractors argue that legal education fails to effectively prepare students for the practice of law, that it is too theoretical and detached from the profession, that it dehumanizes and alienates students, too expensive and inapt in helping students develop a sense of professional identity, professional values, and professionalism. In this sea of criticisms it is hard to see the forest from the trees. “There is so much wrong with legal education today,” writes one commentator, “that it is hard to know where to begin.” This article argues that any reform agenda will fall short if it does not start by recognizing the dominant influence of the culture of autonomous self-interest in legal education. Law schools engage in a project of professional formation and instill a very particular brand of professional identity. They educate students to become autonomously self-interested lawyers who see their clients and themselves as pursuing self-interest as atomistic actors. As a result, they understand that their primary role is to serve as neutral partisans who promote the narrow self-interest of clients without regard to the interests of their families, neighbors, colleagues, or communities and to the exclusion of counseling clients on the implications of those interests. They view as marginal their roles as an officer of the legal system and as a public citizen and accordingly place a low priority on traditional professional values, such as the commitment to the public good, that conflict with their primary allegiance to autonomous self-interest. In this work of professional formation, law schools are reflecting the values and commitments of the autonomously self-interested culture that is dominant in the legal profession. Therefore, even if law schools sought to form a professional identity outside of the mold of autonomous self-interest, such a commitment would require much more than curricular reform. It would, at minimum, require the construction of a persuasive alternative understanding of the lawyer’s role. The article seeks to offer such an understanding grounded in a relational perspective on lawyers and clients. Part I offers workable definitions of professionalism and professional identity that enable an informed discussion of the formation of professional identity in and by law schools. Part II explores what and how legal education teaches students showing that both institutionally (at the law school level) and individually (at the law professor level) legal education is proactively engaged in the formation of a professional identity of autonomous self-interest. Part II further explains that its dominance in legal education notwithstanding, autonomous self-interest is but one, often unpersuasive, account of professionalism and professional identity. Part III turns to the competing vision of relationally self-interested professionalism and professional identity and develops an outline for legal education grounded in these conceptions. Because legal education reflects a deep commitment to the dominant culture of autonomous self-interest, it is unlikely that reform proposals that are inconsistent with that culture are likely to succeed in the near future. Yet proposing an alternative account of professional identity that exposes the assumptions of the dominant culture, explains their limitations, and develops a more persuasive understanding is a necessary step toward providing a workable framework for reformers committed to promoting professional values in the long term
Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Study of BaFe2As2 and CaFe2As2 at High Pressures up to 56 GPa: Ambient and Low-Temperatures Down to 33 K
We report high pressure powder synchrotron x-ray diffraction studies on
MFe2As2 (M=Ba, Ca) over a range of temperatures and pressures up to about 56
GPa using a membrane diamond anvil cell. A phase transition to a collapsed
tetragonal phase is observed in both compounds upon compression. However, at
300 (33) K in the Ba-compound the transition occurs at 26 (29) GPa, which is a
much higher pressure than 1.7 (0.3) GPa at 300 (40) K in the Ca-compound, due
to its larger volume. It is important to note that the transition in both
compounds occurs when they are compressed to almost the same value of the unit
cell volume and attain similar ct/at ratios. We also show that the FeAs4
tetrahedra are much less compressible and more distorted in the collapsed
tetragonal phase than their nearly regular shape in the ambient pressure phase.
We present a detailed analysis of the pressure dependence of the structures as
well as equation of states in these important BaFe2As2 and CaFe2As2 compounds.Comment: 26 pages, 12 figure
First-principles thermal equation of state and thermoelasticity of hcp Fe at high pressures
We investigate the equation of state and elastic properties of hcp iron at
high pressures and high temperatures using first principles linear response
linear-muffin-tin-orbital method in the generalized-gradient approximation. We
calculate the Helmholtz free energy as a function of volume, temperature, and
volume-conserving strains, including the electronic excitation contributions
from band structures and lattice vibrational contributions from quasi-harmonic
lattice dynamics. We perform detailed investigations on the behavior of elastic
moduli and equation of state properties as functions of temperature and
pressure, including the pressure-volume equation of state, bulk modulus, the
thermal expansion coefficient, the Gruneisen ratio, and the shock Hugoniot.
Detailed comparison has been made with available experimental measurements and
theoretical predictions.Comment: 33 pages, 12 figure
Electronic properties and magnetism of iron at the Earth's inner core conditions
We employ state-of-the-art ab initio simulations within the dynamical
mean-field theory to study three likely phases of iron (hexogonal close-packed,
hcp, face centered cubic, fcc, and body centered cubic, bcc) at the Earth's
core conditions. We demonstrate that the correction to the electronic free
energy due to correlations can be significant for the relative stability of the
phases. The strongest effect is observed in bcc Fe, which shows a non-Fermi
liquid behaviour, and where a Curie-Weiss behaviour of the uniform
susceptbility hints at a local magnetic moment still existing at 5800 K and 300
GPa. We predict that all three structures have sufficiently high magnetic
susceptibility to stabilize the geodynamo.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures. Changes in version 2: the magnetic susceptibility
has been recalculated for a larger temperature range and with a higher
accuracy (Fig. 4), comparison with the enhanced Stoner model added, some
other minor correction to the tex
Magnetic properties of carbon phases synthesized using high pressure-high temperature treatment
Two sets of samples were synthesized at 3.5 GPa near the point of C60 cage
collapse at different annealing times. A clear structural transformation from
mixture of C60 polymeric phases to graphite-like hard carbon phase was
confirmed by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Magnetic force
microscopy and superconducting quantum interference device were used to
characterize the magnetic properties of the synthesized samples. We found that
the sample preparation conditions used in this study are not suitable to
produce bulk magnetic carbon.Comment: 26 pages, 7 figure
The use of ultrasonic cavitation for near-surface structuring of robust and low-cost AlNi catalysts for hydrogen production
Ultrasonically induced shock waves stimulate intensive interparticle collisions in suspensions and create large local temperature gradients in AlNi particles. These trigger phase transformations at the surface rather than in the particle interior. We show that ultrasonic processing is an effective approach for developing the desired compositional gradients in nm-thick interfacial regions of metal alloys and formation of effective catalysts toward the hydrogen evolution reaction
Theoretical and experimental evidence of a site-selective Mott transition in Fe2O3 under pressure
We provide experimental and theoretical evidence for a novel type of
pressure-induced insulator-metal transition characterized by site-selective
delocalization of the electrons. M\"ossbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction
and electrical transport measurements on FeO to 100 GPa, along with
dynamical mean-field theory (DFT+DMFT) calculations, reveal this site-selective
Mott transition between 50 and 68 GPa, such that the metallization can be
described by (^\rm{VI}Fe)O [ structure]
(^\rm{VIII}FeFe^\rm{M})O [ structure]
(^\rm{VI}Fe^\rm{M})O [
structure]. Within the crystal structure, characterized by two
distinct coordination sites (VI and VIII), we observe equal abundances of
ferric ions (Fe) and ions having delocalized electrons (Fe^\rm{M}),
and only at higher pressures is a fully metallic structure obtained, all
at room temperature. The transition is characterized by
delocalization/metallization of the electrons on half the Fe sites, with a
site-dependent collapse of local moments. Above 50 GPa, FeO is a
strongly correlated metal with reduced electron mobility (large band
renormalizations) of m*/m4 and 6 near the Fermi level. Upon
decompression, we observe a site-selective (metallic) to conventional Mott
insulator phase transition (^\rm{VIII}FeFe^\rm{M})O
(^\rm{VIII}FeFe)O within the same structure, indicating a decoupling of
the electronic and lattice degrees of freedom, characteristic of a true Mott
transition. Our results show that the interplay of electronic correlations and
lattice may result in rather complex behavior of the electronic structure and
magnetic state.Comment: 18 pages, 5 figure
Pressure dependence of the low- temperature crystal structure and phase transition behaviour of CaFeAsF and SrFeAsF: A synchrotron x-ray diffraction study
We report systematic investigation of high pressure crystal structures and
structural phase transition upto 46 GPa in CaFeAsF and 40 GPa in SrFeAsF at 40
K using powder synchrotron x-ray diffraction experiments and Rietveld analysis
of the diffraction data. We find that CaFeAsF undergoes orthorhombic to
monoclinic phase transition at Pc = 13.7 GPa while increasing pressure. SrFeAsF
exhibits coexistence of orthorhombic and monoclinic phases over a large
pressure range from 9 to 39 GPa. The coexistence of the two phases indicates
that the transition is of first order in nature. Unlike in the 122 compounds
(BaFe2As2 & CaFe2As2) we do not find any collapse tetragonal transition. The
transition to a lower symmetry phase (orthorhombic to monoclinic) in 1111
compounds under pressure is in contrast with the transition to a high symmetry
phase (orthorhombic to tetragonal) in 122 type compounds. On heating from 40 K
at high pressure, CaFeAsF undergoes monoclinic to tetragonal phase transition
around 25 GPa and 200 K. Further, it does not show any post-tetragonal phase
transition and remains in the tetragonal phase upto 25 GPa at 300 K. The dPc/dT
is found to be positive for the CaFeAsF & CaFe2As2, however the same was not
found in case of BaFe2As2. We discuss observations of structural evolution in
the context of superconductivity in these and other Fe-based compounds. It
appears that the closeness of the Fe-As-Fe bond angle to its ideal tetrahedral
value of 109.470 might be associated with occurrence of superconductivity at
low temperature.Comment: 23 pages, 11 Figure
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